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hoped for by the more sanguine, yet in many directions important steps were taken and upon every subject on the programme there was such full and considerate discussion as to justify the belief that substantial progress has been made toward further agreements in the future. Thirteen conventions were agreed upon embodying the definite conclusions which had been reached and resolutions were adopted marking the progress made in matters upon which agreement was not yet sufficiently complete to make conventions practicable. The delegates of the United States were instructed to favor an agreement for obligatory arbitration, the establishment of a permanent court of arbitration to proceed judicially in the hearing and decision of international causes, the prohibition of force for the collection of contract debts alleged to be due from governments to citizens of other countries until after arbitration as to the justice and amount of the debt and the time and manner of payment, the immunity of private property at sea, the better definition of the rights of neutrals and in case any measure to that end should be introduced, the limitation of armaments. In the field of peaceful disposal of international differences several important advances were made. First, as to obligatory arbitration. Although the conference failed to secure a unanimous agreement upon the details of a convention for obligatory arbitration, it did resolve as follows:

"It is unanimous: (1) In accepting the principle for obligatory arbitration; (2) In declaring that certain differences, and notably those relating to the interpretation and application of international conventional stipulations, are susceptible of being submitted to obligatory arbitration without any restriction."

In view of the fact that as a result of the discussion the vote upon the definite treaty of obligatory arbitration, which was proposed, stood 32 in favor to 9 against the adoption of the treaty, there can be little doubt that the great majority of the countries of the world have reached a point where they are now ready to apply practically the principles thus unanimously agreed upon by the confer

ence.

The second advance, and a very great one, is the agreement which relates to the use of force for the collection of contract debts. Your attention is invited to the paragraphs upon this subject in my message of December, 1906, and to the resolution of the third American conference at Rio in the summer of 1906. The convention upon this subject adopted by the conference substantially as proposed by the American delegates is as follows:

"In order to avoid between nations armed conflicts of a purely pecuniary origin arising from contractual debts claimed of the government of one country by the government of another country to be due to its nationals, the signatory powers agree not to have recourse to armed force for the collection of such contractual debts.

"However, this stipulation shall not be applicable when the debtor state refuses or leaves unanswered an offer to arbitrate, or, in case of acceptance, makes it impossible to formulate the terms of submission, or, after arbitration, fails to comply with the award rendered.

"It is further agreed that arbitration here contemplated shall be in conformity as to procedure with chapter III. of the convention for the pacific settlement of international disputes adopted at The Hague and that it shall determine in so far as there shall be no agreement between the parties the justice and the amount of the debt, the time and mode of payment thereof."

Such a provision would have prevented much injustice and extortion in the past and I cannot doubt that its effect in the future will be most salutary.

A third advance has been made in amending and perfecting the convention for 1899 for the voluntary settlement of international disputes, and particularly the extension of those parts of that convertion which relate to commissions of inquiry. The existence of those provisions enabled the governments of Great Britain and Russia to avoid war, notwithstanding great public excitement, at the time of the Dogger bank incident, and the new convention agreed upon by the conference gives

practical effect to the experience gained in that inquiry.

Substantial progress was also made toward the creation of a permanent judicial tribunal for the determination of international causes. There was very full discussion of the proposal for such a court and a general agreement was finally reached in favor of its creation. The conference recommended to the signatory powers the adoption of a draft upon which it agreed for the organization of the court, leaving to be determined only the method by which the judges should be selected. This remaining unsettled question is plainly one which time and good temper will solve.

A further agreement of the first importance was that for the creation of an international prize court. The constitution, organization and procedure of such a tribunal were provided for in detail. Any one who recalls the injustices under which this country suffered as a neutral power during the early part of the last century cannot fail to see in this provision for an international prize court the great advance which the world is making toward the substitution of the rule of reason and justice in place of simple force. Not only will the international prize court be the means of protecting the interests of neutrals, but it is in itself a step toward the creation of the more general court for the hearing of international controversies to which reference has just been made. The organization and action of such a prize court cannot fail to accustom the different countries to the submission of international questions to the decision of an international tribunal, and we may confidently expect the results of such submission to bring about a general agreement upon the enlargement of the practice.

Numerous provisions were adopted for reducing the evil effects of war and for defining the rights and duties of neutrals.

The conference also provided for the holding of a third conference within a period similar to that which elapsed between the first and second con fer

ences.

The delegates of the United States worthily represented the spirit of the American people and maintained with fidelity and ability the policy of our government upon all the great questions discussed in the conference.

The report of the delegation, together with authenticated copies of the conventions signed, when received, will be laid before the senate for its consideration.

When we remember how difficult it is for one of our own legislative bodies, composed of citizens of the same country, speaking the same language, living under the same laws and having the same customs, to reach an agreement or even to secure a majority upon any difficult and important subject which is proposed for legislation, it becomes plain that the representatives of forty-five different countries. speaking many different languages, accustomed to different methods of procedure, with widely diverse interests, who discussed so many different subjects and reached agreements upon so many, are entitled to grateful appreciation for the wisdom, patience and moderation with which they have discharged their duty. The example of this temperate discussion and the agreements and the efforts to agree among representatives of all the nations of the earth, acting with universal recognition of the supreme obligation to promote peace, cannot fail to be a powerful influence for good in future international relations.

CUBA QUIET AND PROSPEROUS.

A year ago in consequence of a revolutionary movement in Cuba, which threatened the imme diate. return to chaos of the island, the United States intervened, sending down an army and establishing a provisional government under Gov. Magoon. Absolute quiet and prosperity have returned to the island because of this action. We are now taking steps to provide for elections in the island and our expectation is within the coming year to be able to turn the island over again to a government chosen by the people thereof. Cuba is at our doors. It is not possible that this nation should permit, Cuba again to sink into the condition from which we rescued it. All that we

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An invitation has been extended by Japan to the government and people of the United States to participate in a great national exposition to be held at Tokyo from April 1 to Oct. 31, 1912, and in which the principal countries of the world are to be invited to take part. This is an occasion of special interest to all the nations of the world and peculiarly so to us, for it is the first instance in which such a great national exposition has been held by a great power dwelling on the Pacific and all the nations of Europe and America will, I trust, join in helping to success this first great exposition ever held by a great nation of Asia. The geographical relations of Japan and the United States as the possessors of such large portions of the coast of the Pacific, the intimate trade relations already existing between the two countries, the warm friendship which has been maintained between them without break since the opening of Japan to intercourse with the western nations and her increasing wealth and production, which we regard with hearty good will and wish to make the occasion of mutually beneficial commerce, all unite in making it eminently desirable that this invitation should be accepted.

I heartily recommend such legislation as will provide in generous fashion for the representation of this government and its people in the proposed exposition. Action should be taken now. We are apt to underestimate the time necessary for preparation in such cases. The invitation to the French exposition of 1900 was brought to the attention of the congress by President Cleveland in December, 1895, and so many are the delays necessary to such proceedings that the period of four years and a half which then intervened before the exposition proved none too long for the proper preparation of the exhibits.

GERMAN TARIFF AGREEMENT.

The adoption of a new tariff by Germany, accompanied by conventions for reciprocal tariff concessions between that country and most of the other countries of continental Europe, led the German government to give the notice necessary to terminate the reciprocal commercial agreement with this country proclaimed July 13, 1900. The notice was to take effect on the 1st of March, 1906, and in default of some other arrangements this would have left the exports from the United States to Germany subject to the general German tariff duties, from 25 to 50 per cent higher than the conventional duties imposed upon the goods of most of our competitors for German trade.

Under a special agreement made between the two governments in February, 1906, the German government postponed the operation of their notice until the 30th of June. 1907. In the meantime. deeming it to be my duty to make every possible effort to prevent a tariff war between the United States and Germany arising from misunderstanding by either country of the conditions existing in the other and acting upon the invitation of the German government, I sent to Berlin a commission composed of competent experts in the operation and administration of the customs tariff from the departments of the treasury and commerce and labor. This commission was engaged for several months in conference with a similar commission appointed by the German government, under instructions, so far as practicable, to reach a common understanding as to all the facts regarding the tariffs of the United States and Germany material and relevant to the trade relations between the two countries. The commission reported, and upon the basis of the report a further temporary commercial agreement was entered into by the two countries, pursuant to which, in the exercise of the authority conferred upon the president by the third section of the tariff act of July 24, 1897, I extended the reduced tariff rates provided for in that section to champagne and all other sparkling wines, and pursuant to which the German conventional or mini

mum tariff rates were extended to about 961⁄2 per cent of all the exports from the United States to Germany. This agreement is to remain in force until the 30th of June, 1908, and until six months after notice by either party to terminate it.

The agreement and the report of the commission on which it is based will be laid before the congress for its information.

COMPLAINT OF GERMAN EXPORTERS. This careful examination into the tariff relations between the United states and Germany involved an inquiry into certain of our methods of administration which had been the cause of much complaint on the part of German exporters. In this inquiry I became satisfied that certain vicious and unjustifiable practices had grown up in our customs administration, notably the practice of determining values of imports upon detective reports never dis closed to the persons whose interests were affected. The use of detectives, though often necessary, tends toward abuse and should be carefully guarded.

Under our practice as I found it to exist in this case, the abuse had become gross and discreditable. Under it, instead of seeking information as to the market value of merchandise from the well-known and respected members of the commercial community in the country of its production, secret statements were obtained from informers and discharged employes and business rivals, and upon this kind of secret evidence the values of imported goods were frequently raised and heavy penalties were frequently imposed upon importers who were never permitted to know what the evidence was and who never had an opportunity to meet it. It is quite probable that this system tended toward an increase of the duties collected upon imported goods, but I conceive it to be a violation of law to exact more duties than the law provides, just as it is a violation to admit goods upon the payment of less than the legal rate of duty. This practice was repugnant to the spirit of American law and to American sense of justice. In the judgment of the most competent experts of the treasury department and the department or commerce and labor it was wholly unnecessary for the due collection of the customs revenues, and the attempt to defend it merely illustrates the demoralization which naturally follows from a long-continued course of reliance upon such methods.

I accordingly caused the regulations governing this branch of the customs service to be modified so that values are determined upon a hearing in which all the parties interested have an opportu nity to be heard and to know the evidence against them. Moreover, our treasury agents are accredited to the government of the country in which they seek information, and in Germany receive the assistance of the quasi-official chambers of commerce in determining the actual market value of goods in accordance with what I am advised to be the true construction of the law.

These changes of regulations were adapted to the removal of such manifest abuses that I have not felt that they ought to be confined to our relations with Germany, and I have extended their operation to all other countries which have expressed a desire to enter into similar administrative relations.

CANCELING CHINA'S INDEMNITY.

I ask for authority to re-form the agreement with China under which the indemnity of 1900 was fixed by remitting and canceling the obligation of China for the payment of all that part of the stipulated indemnity which is in excess of the sum of $11,654,492.69 and interest at 4 per cent. After the rescue of the foreign legations in Pekin during the Boxer troubles in 1900 the powers required from China the payment of equitable indemnities to the several nations, and the final protocol under which the troops were withdrawn, signed at Pekin Sept. 7. 1901, fixed the amount of this indemnity allotted to the United States at over $20,000,000, and China paid up to and including the 1st day of June last a little over $6,000,000. It was the first intention of this government at the proper time, when all claims had been presented and all expenses ascertained as fully as possible, to revise the estimates and account and as a proof of sincere friendship for China voluntarily to release that country from

its legal liability for all payments in excess of the sum which should prove to be necessary for actual indemnity to the United States and its citizens.

HELP FOR CHINESE STUDENTS. This nation should help in every practicable way in the education of the Chinese people so that the vast and populous empire of China may gradually adapt itself to modern conditions. One way of doing this is by promoting the coming of Chinese students to this country and making it attractive to them to take courses at our universities and higher educational institutions. Our educators should, so far as possible, take concerted action toward this end.

ROOT'S VISIT TO MEXICO.

On the courteous invitation of the president of Mexico, the secretary of state visited that country in September and October and was received everywhere with the greatest kindness and hospitality.

He carried from the government of the United States to our southern neighbor a message of re spect and good will and of desire for better acquaintance and increasing friendship. The response from the government and the people of Mexico was hearty and sincere. No pains were spared to manifest the most friendly attitude and feeling toward the United States.

In view of the close neighborhood of the two countries the relations which exist between Mexico and the United States are just cause for gratification. We have a common boundary of over 1,500 miles from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific. Much of it is marked only by the shifting waters of the Rio Grande. Many thousands of Mexicans are residing upon our side of the line and it is estimated that over 40,000 Americans are resident in Mexican territory and that American investments in Mexico amount to over $700.000.000. The extraordinary industrial and commercial prosperity of Mexico has been greatly promoted by American enterprise, and Americans are sharing largely in its results. The foreign trade of the republic already exceeds $240,000,000 per annum, and of this twothirds both of exports and imports are exchanged with the United States.

Under these circumstances numerous questions necessarily arise between the two countries. These questions are always approached and disposed of in a spirit of mutual courtesy and fair dealing. Americans carrying on business in Mexico testify uniformly to the kindness and consideration with which they are treated and their sense of the se

curity of their property and enterprises under the wise administration of the great statesman who has so long held the office of chief magistrate of that republic.

The two governments have been uniting their efforts for a considerable time past to aid Central America in attaining the degree of peace and order which have made possible the prosperity of the northern parts of the continent. After the peace between Guatemala, Honduras and Salvador, celebrated under the circumstances described in my last message, a new war broke out between the republics of Nicaragua. Honduras and Salvador. The effort to compose this new difficulty has resulted in the acceptance of the joint suggestion of the presidents of Mexico and of the United States for a general peace conference between all the countries of Central America. On the 17th day of September last a protocol was signed between the representatives of the five Central American countries accredited to this government agreeing upon a conference to be held in the city of Washington "in order to devise the means of preserving the good relations among said republics and bringing about permanent peace in those coun tries." The protocol includes the expression of a wish that the presidents of the United States and Mexico should appoint "representatives to lend their good and impartial offices in a purely friendly way toward the realization of the objects of the conference." The conference is now in session and will have our best wishes and, where it is practicable, our friendly assistance.

BUREAU OF AMERICAN REPUBLICS. One of the results of the Pan-American conference at Rio Janeiro in the summer of 1906 has been a great increase in the activity and usefulness of the international bureau of American republics. That institution, which includes all the American republics in its membership and brings all their representatives together, is doing a really valuable work in informing the people of the United States about the other republics and in making the United States known to them. Its action is now limited by appropriations determined when it was doing a work on a much smaller scale and rendering much less valuable service. I recommend that the contribution of this government to the expenses of the bureau be made commensurate with its increased work.

THEODORE ROOSEVELT. The White House, Dec. 3, 1907.

FAILURES IN THE UNITED STATES.

[From Dun's Review, New York ]

1895.

1896.

1897.

1898.

1899.

1900..

1901..

1902.

1903.

1904.

1905.

1906.

1907.

CALENDAR YEAR.

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14.992

154,332,071 11.559 130.662,899

3802 $47.813,683 2855 $41.026.261 2792 $32,167.179 3748 $52.188,737 13,197 $173,196,060 $13,124 4031 57,425.135 2995 40,444,547 3757 73,284,649 4305 54.941,803 15,088 226,096,134 3932 48.007.911 2889 43,684,876 2881 3687 32,946,565 3031 34,498.074 2540 2772 27.152,031,2081 14,910.902 2001 2894 33,022,573 2438 41,724,879 2519 3335 31,703,486 2424 24.101.201 2324 3418 33,731,758 2747 26,643.098 2511 3200 31.344,433 2248 32,452.827 2548 3344 48,066,721 2870 31.424.188 2969 3443 30,162,505 2767 25,742.080 2596 3102 33.761,107 2510 28,902.967 2300 3136 32.075,591 2481 38.411.880 2483

25,601,188 3649 37,038,096 13,351 25,104,778 2938 38,113,482 12, 186 17,640,972 2483 31,175.984 9,337 27,119,996 2923 36.628,225 10,774 24,756,172 2919 32.531,514 11,145 25.032.634 2939 32.069,279 11,615 34.858,595 3893 53,788,330 12.069 32,168.296 3016 32,543,106 12,199 20,329,443 2714 26,442.144 11.520 21.996,163 2770 34,541,278 10,682 46.467,686

EDWARD P. WESTON'S REMARKABLE WALK,

Edward P. Weston, the pedestrian who in 1867 walked from Portland, Me., to Chicago in fast time, repeated his feat in 1907, though 69 years of age. He left Portland Oct. 29 and arrived at the postoffice in Chicago at 12:14 p. m. Nov. 27, making the distance of 1,230 miles in 24 days and 19 hours. He thus beat his record of 1867, which was

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25 days and 22 hours, by more than a day. His longest day's walk was from Ligonier to Chesterton, Ind., a distance of 95 miles, made Nov. 25. In 1867 he left Portland Oct. 29 and arrived in Chicago Nov. 28. His best record for one day on that trip was 82 miles.

STATISTICS OF EDUCATION.

COMMON SCHOOL STATISTICS (1905-1906).

Population, enrollment, average daily attendance, number and sex of teachers.

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teachers.

Male.

INSTRUCTORS AND STUDENTS IN PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS AND IN PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES (1905-1906).

STATE OR TERRITORY.

Secondary

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PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS.

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students.

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Male.

Female.

Male.

Female.

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small][merged small][merged small][merged small][subsumed][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][subsumed][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][subsumed][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][subsumed][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][subsumed][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][subsumed][merged small][merged small][subsumed][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged 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Schools in Alaska supported by the government..

Schools in Alaska supported by incorporated municipalities (estimated).

Orphan asylums and other benevolent institutions estimated)..

Private kindergartens (estimated)..

130,085

130.085

37,683

37.683

11.745

525

12.270

4,205

4.205

16,500

853

17,353

29,679

29.679

35,519

35.519

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Miscellaneous, including schools of music, oratory, elocution, cookery, etc. (est.).
Total...

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