pro eo in quo dies maximus 24 foret horarum, verba sunt illius apud Geminum, "Monstrabant nobis barbari ubi Sol cubaret &c." Quæ refero, ut innuam quemadmodum Pytheas eo paulatim pervenerit ubi nulla tandem nox foret in æstivo solstitio: ac simul insinuem, quam grata esse debeat illius memoria qui primus mortalium tam longe processit. At fabulam sapit "neque terram ibi porro esse, neque mare, neque aerem, sed quidpiam ex iis concretum, pulmonis marini simile &c." Sed nota potius hominis fidem, si quidem dixit solum Pytheas "se pulmonis formam vidisse, referre autem cetera quasi auditu solo recepta." Addit Strabo dixisse “solum ibi Tropicum pro Arctico esse," quod superest autem non commemorasse, neque an insula sit Thule, neque utrum habitationes eo usque pertingant, et alia similia ; quæ, si voluisset imponere, haud dubie profecto scripsisset alia quoque sunt quæ improbat Strabo, ut abesse Thulen a Britannia sex dierum navigatione (quod Plinius quoque ex Pytheâ habet), Cantium Britannia a Celticâ aliquot, et Sacrum Promontorium a Gadibus quinque sed nimirum videtur Pytheas conscripsisse totius suæ navigationis diarium, commemorasseque quantum temporis inter superandum locorum intervalla consumpsisset . . Quomodo proinde non Pytheas diario, sed Hipparchus ductâ a se consecutione deceptus est, cum Pytheæ fidem dicitur secutus, asserendo maximam diem in australiore Brittanniâ esse 19 horarum, ac simili modo Eratosthenes in assignandis Britannicis affinibus. Vocat præterea ille figmenta, quæ Pytheas rettulit de Ostidamniis, Calbio, Uxisamiâ, aliisque locis: et, quasi nunquam possit ipsi non esse ob Thulen infensus, hominem appellat mendacissimum, quod qui viderint Hiberniam non ejusmodi insulæ sed aliarum solum parvarum circa Britanniam meminerint. . . . . At quonam modo id excusetur, quod ait Pytheas "se peragrasse quidquid est Europa regionum ad Oceanum ex Gadibus ipsis ad Tanain usque."? Sane, quod potuerit Hispaniæ Galliæ ac Germaniæ oras perlustrare ac fortassis quoque Daniâ superatâ penetrare longe ad Balthicum Sinum, qui fuit olim Sarmaticus Hyperboreusque creditus Oceanus, creditus complecti Scandiæ Insulas, quas nunc esse Noruegiæ Sueciæque continenteis constat: nemo inficias ierit. Quod existimaverit autem se "ad Tanain usque" pervenisse, Deum immortalem! quam id videtur pro caligine eorum temporum esse excusatione dignum! APPENDIX II. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF GREEK AND LATIN WRITERS TO WHICH REFERENCES HAVE BEEN MADE. ÆLIAN (2nd century A.D.) wrote a "History of Animals." AGATHODÆMON of Alexandria (4th century A.D.), a geographer who is believed to have compiled the earliest maps based upon the Ptolemaic tables. AMMIANUS, MARCELLINUS (4th century A.D.), a Greek of Antioch, who wrote a Latin History of the Roman emperors, continuing Suetonius. AMOMETUS (3rd century B.C.), one of the Greek writers of imaginary travels. ANTIPHANES, or the "Man of Berga," a Thracian writer proverbial for the publication of incredible stories. APULEIUS (2nd century A.D.) was himself a priest of Osiris, and wrote, besides his famous "Golden Ass," various religious and philosophical tracts. ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.). The "De Mundo," "Mirabilia," and several other books included in the Corpus Aristotelicum, were written or added to by later Peripatetics. ARTEMIDORUS of Ephesus (circa 100 B.C.) travelled in Spain and Gaul, and wrote a geography, abridged by Marcian of Heraclea. ATHENAEUS (flor. circa 220 A.D.). His "Dripno-Sophista" contains fragments of 800 writers, many of whom are otherwise unknown. AUSONIUS, D. MAGNUS (born about 320 A.D., and lived till the end of the century), was the tutor of the Emperor Gratian. AVIENUS, RUFUS FESTUS (circa 350-400 A.D.), translated Aratus and Dionysius, and wrote a poem describing the shores of the Mediterranean. He is important as having preserved some fragments of the Carthaginian tablets. CÆSAR, C. JULIUS (103-44 B.C.). CASSIODORUS, AURELIUS, "the Senator" (6th century A.D.) was the minister of Theodoric the Ostrogoth. Left twelve books of "Epistolarum Variarum." CICERO, M. TULLIUS (106-43 B.C). CLAUDIANUS, CL. (4th century A.D.). His panegyrical poems were written. chiefly in honour of Stilicho and the Emperor Honorius. CLEMENT of Alexandria (flor. circa 206 A.D.). His semi-theological treatises are the chief authority for the pagan mysteries. CLEOMEDES (3rd century A.D.) wrote on the circular theory of the heavenly bodies. CLITARCHUS (4th century B.C.) accompanied the expedition of Alexander to Asia, and wrote a rhetorical account of it, now lost. CONSTANTIUS, LUGDUNENSIS (circa 450 A.D.), wrote the "Life of St. Germanus," and corresponded with Sidonius Apollinaris. COSMAS INDICOPLEUSTES (6th century A.D.). An Egyptian merchant, who travelled in Abyssinia, Persia and Ceylon, and knew something of China. He afterwards became a monk, and wrote against the theory of the rotundity of the earth. DEMOSTHENES the Athenian (384-322 B.C.). DICEARCHUS, pupil of Aristotle (3rd century B.C.), geographer and philosopher. DICUIL (9th century A.D.), an Irish monk who wrote a work " De Mensurâ Orbis." DIODORUS SICULUS (latter part of 1st century A.D.) wrote a Bibliotheca Historica in 40 books, of which 15 remain. DIOGENES, ANTONIUS (3rd century B.C.), one of the Greek novel-writers of the post-Alexandrine age. DION CASSIUS the Historian (155-240 A.D.). DIONYSIUS PERIEGETES (end of 2nd century A.D.) wrote a Description of the Earth, translated by Festus Avienus, and by Priscian the Grammarian. DIOSCORIDES (latter part of the 1st century A.D.), a Greek physician. EPHORUS the Historian (363-300 B.C.) described the Celts from the reports of the early Greek travellers. ERATOSTHENES (276-196 B.C.), librarian at Alexandria, astronomer and geographer, nicknamed "Beta." He was the first to measure the obliquity of the ecliptic, and made an improved map of the earth. EUHEMERUS of Messene, an author of the time of Alexander the Great. His "Sacred History," in which the stories of the Greek mythology were treated as narratives of actual fact, was translated into Latin by Ennius. EUMENIUS (flor. 296-310 A.D.), an orator and author of the Panegyrics to Constantius. EUSTATHIUS, Archbp. of Thessalonica (12th century A.D.), wrote commentaries on Homer and Dionysius Periegetes. EUTHYMENES, a contemporary of Pytheas. Travelled (about 330 B.C.) on the African coast. FLORUS, L. ANNEUS JULIUS (2nd century A.D.), wrote an epitome of Roman history, which appeared soon after the publication of Ptolemy's geography. FRONTO, M. CORNELIUS (consul in 161 A.D.), a famous orator under the Antonines. GEMINUS of Rhodes (1st century A.D.) wrote an "Introduction to Astronomy." GRATIANUS, FALISCUS (beginning of the 1st century A.D.), a writer on hunting. HANNO (date uncertain), one of the Shofetim of Carthage, commissioned to explore the western coasts of Africa. His Periplus was recorded on Punic and Greek tablets, of which part is still extant. HECATEUS Of Miletus (circa 500 B.C.), one of the fathers of Greek history and geography. HECATEUS of Abdera (circa 300 B.C.), author of the romance vrep Tŵy Υπερβορείων. HERMOLAUS the Grammarian (date unknown) epitomised the work of Stephanus of Byzantium: not be confounded with Hermolaus Barbarus, one of the 15th century Platonists, quoted for natural history by Olaus Magnus. HERODIAN (170-240 A.D.). His history is the sole authority for the age of Severus. HERODOTUS of Halicarnassus (484-408 B.C.). HIMILCO (date uncertain), brother of Hanno, and commissioned at the same time to explore the western coasts of Europe. He founded settlements in Spain. He is supposed to have been driven out into the Mid-Atlantic, and to have returned by the Azores. His voyage was recorded on tablets along with that of Hanno, and the legend of his discoveries was preserved in the Mirabilia attributed to Aristotle, in Pliny's Natural History, and in the poems of Avienus. (Cf. Coleridge's "Ancient Mariner.") HIPPARCHUS (2nd century B.C.). The greatest astronomer of antiquity and discoverer of the precession of the equinoxes. He commented on Aratus, and attempted to determine latitudes and longitudes. HOMER (circa 1000 B.C.). HORATIUS (QUINTUS HORATIUS FLACCUS) lived 65 B.C. to 8 B.C. by Pliny, as copying the measurements of Britain from Pytheas. ISIDORE of Seville, Bp. of Seville (570-646 A.D.), wrote 20 books of "Origines sive Etymologia." "ITINERARIUM ANTONINUM." An official road-book of the Empire, named after Antoninus Caracalla (who succeeded Severus in 210 A.D.), but assigned by some commentators to the age of Constantine the Great. JAMBLULUS (3rd century B.C.) wrote the romance of "The Fortunate Islands," translated in Purchas' Pilgrims. JEROME, ST. (HIERONYMUS) lived 331-420 A.D. JORNANDES, a Goth (who wrote about 552 A.D.), is important as preserving portions of the lost history of Cassiodorus. JUSTIN MARTYR (born 103 A.D.). JUVENAL (D. JUNIUS JUVENALIS) was born 42 A.D. and wrote about the end of the first century. LACTANTIUS, L. CELIUS FIRMIANUS (circ. 303 A.D.), a Christian apologist. The account of the Diocletian persecution, known as "De Mortibus Persecutorum," is frequently attributed to him. LAMPRIDIUS, ÆLIUS (3rd century A.D.). LIVY (T. LIVIUS PATAVINUS) lived 59 B.C. -17 A.D.. LUCAN (M. ANNEUS LUCANUS), a native of Cordova died in 65 A.D. at the age of 26. LUCIAN (2nd century A.D.). The "Vera Historia" is a burlesque of the older geographical romances. MACROBIUS, AURELIUS (5th century A.D.), grammarian and philosopher. MAGNUS, JOHANNES (16th century A.D.), Archbishop of Upsala, wrote a History of the Goths and Swedes. MAGNUS, OLAUS (16th century A.D.), succeeded his brother Joannes as Archbishop of Upsala. He wrote the History of the Northern Nations. MANILIUS, M. (1st century A.D.). Author of a hexameter treatise on Astronomy. MARINUS of Tyre (1st century A.D.). The predecessor of Ptolemy, whose work was in great part based on his calculations. MARTIALIS, M. VAL. born at Bilbilis in Spain, circa A.D. 40, died circa 104 A.D. MAXIMUS of Tyre (2nd century A.D.), a celebrated Platonist who wrote under the Antonines. MEROBAUDES the Frankish Poet (circa 450 A.D.). His chief extant poem is the "Third Consulship of Ætius." |