ARTICLE

names to carry on their business wit drance. The statement of offences is the simple fact that no vendor sha ated article, and the definition

A in case of drags :

1. 14 when said under or by a name recognised in the United States Pharmacypria, it differs from the standard of strength quality, or purity laid down therein.

2. X, when sold ander or by name not recognised in the Cetid State Pharmanpzis, but which is found in some other pharmacopoeia of other standard work on Materis Medina, a difers materially from the standard of strength, quacy, or parity laid down in such work.

3. If 's strength or parity fall below the professed standard

under which it is sold.

a. In the case of food or drink :

1. If any substance or any substances has or have been mixed with it so as to reduce or lower or injuriously affect its quality, strength, purity or true value.

2. If any inferior or cheaper substance or substances have been substituted wholly or in part for the article. 3 If any valuable constituent of the article has been wholly or in part abstracted.

4. If it be an imitation of, or be sold under the name of another article.

5. If it consist wholly or in part of a diseased or decomposed, or putrid or rotten animal or vegetable substance, whether manufactured or not, or in the case of milk, if it is the produce of a diseased animal.

6. If it be coloured or coated, or polished or powdered, whereby damage is concealed, or it is made to appear better than it really is, or of greater value.

7. If it contain any added poisonous ingredient, or any ingredient which may render such article injurious to the s health of a person consuming it.

SCHEDULE B.-LIMITS.

The following shall be deemed limits for the respective articles referred to :

Milk shall contain not less than 9.0 per cent. by weigh of milk solids, not fat, and not less than 2.5 per cent. butter fat.

Skim milk shall contain not less than 9.0 per cent. weight of milk solids, not fat.

Butter shall contain not less than 80.0 per cent. of fat.

Tea shall not contain more than 8.0 per cent. of
matter, calculated on the tea dried at 100° Cent., of
at least 3.0 per cent. shall be soluble in water, au
as sold shall yield at least 30.0 per cent. of extrac.
Cocoa shall contain at least 20 per cent. of c
Vinegar shall contain not less than 3.0 per c
acid.

SCHEDULE TO ACT.-APPENDIX (Form f
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is alone amongst ving completed some ..me when cooking by the aratively in its infancy, and r manufacturer had attempted medium, to any but the most culinary art. Numerous workclubs, and private mansions, in te provinces, have long since testified to what has ceased to be an experiment, mense saving thus effected in money, geral economy in the kitchen. As by no 1 he oldest of Mr. Leoni's triumphs, but the most considerable, we will instance s establishment in Westbourne Grove, 300 persons are fed daily through the cooking appliances, and are dependent fr everything they consume, save bread e a drop of hot-water. No breakfast ened until the water in the Leoni boiler west, and from which one hundred gallons magia boiling in twenty minutes. It is selfrung, ansequently throughout the whole day mary med is always at command; and Whiteley states that the first hundred gallons is nie a a cost of about fourpence. The boiler is es of a series of small ones, holding about ree glues each, enclosed in a casing, around all

te hear arcalates. Each boiler can be readily es and Jessed as occasion requires, and it is ir be nust complete apparatus of its kind in sough anganly invented by Mr. Leoni for Whomes, de haber has since made it a stock ed to supply the same model What is most likely to attract the je vestur to Mr. Whiteley's kitchen ziness in the apartment, and esl snels inseparable from coal in is provided for by a series es which draw in the

into an ordinary flue pipe combustion Mr. Whiteley he has effected a saving of more

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and some of the hospitals, etc. The apparatus_is about six feet high, exclusive of the ventilator, and a fair estimate may be formed of the number of joints that can be cooked in it at one time. An arrangement is provided by which the dripping percolates into a well or tank, and is removed from the front. The next engraving is a representation of a patent hot-plate for entrées and high-class cooking, with reflector grillers underneath. They are made in several sizes, our illustration being taken from one about five feet long. Steaming apparatus we illustrate by an engraving of Leoni's patent Multiple Gas Boiler, with steamer, intended for fish, poultry, vegetables, etc. Both of these are made of various designs and sizes, regulated by requirements. Our last engraving represents one of the Family Cookers, large enough for the requirements of a family of twenty persons, but is also made in smaller sizes. Descriptions of Mr. Leoni's heating stoves, system, and disinfecting apparatus a future number of the SANITARY

water in

arises from two causes, the want of special knowledge, and the want of a proper model upon which the Medical Officer of Health can fashion his report. These annual reports are of great importance. To encourage the production of better work I beg to submit two suggestions; I quote again from a recent number of the British Medical Journal, showing the necessity for more care in reporting. "The report by the Medical Inspector of the Local Government Board is only remarkable as showing how the time of the Medical Officers of the Central Department is wasted by their having to find out actual sanitary conditions existing in districts, where the reports of the Local Officers of Health ought to have made such inquiries unnecessary. Dr. Airy's report is, indeed, just such an one as any Health Officer, desirous of doing his business, would have presented to his Authority as one of his first duties.'

My suggestions are briefly these: (1) That a small bonus be given annually to Health Officers who do their duty up to a certain standard. This principle is already acknowledged in the vaccination grants, where rewards are given for work of a sufficiently good quality. To extend these grants to those who assist in preventing the spread of fever, phthisis, or any other disease, which may be diminished or prevented by the sanitary surroundings of a community, is only logical and equally deserving of the attention of the State. The vaccination grants are known to stimulate public vaccinators to a more careful discharge of their duties, and there is no doubt that grants to Health Officers would increase the quality of the work done, the public reaping the advantage. (2) I would suggest that from the annual reports of Health Officers certain specially good ones should be selected, printed at the public expense, and distributed among the Medical Officers of Health over the whole country. If the selection comprised various kinds of work, as from cities, small towns, and rural districts, each Medical Officer of Health would find a model upon which to make his report. If, in addition to this, the special reports of the medical staff of the Central Department were systematically sent to each Health Officer, as soon as they were printed, the observing faculties of Medical Officers would be cultivated and greatly improved, special knowledge extended, and, as a matter of course, the usefulness of the service to the community at large much increased. These reports from the Central Department are often marvels of skill in the art of reporting; it is therefore a great pity that the entire sanitary service of the country should not benefit by them. If the general work of Health Officers could be stimulated and improved by these methods, the annual reports from all parts of the country would gradually develop into a systematic and reliable mass of information on all health subjects, presented in an uniform manner, and available by the Government as a basis for advanced and enlightened sanitary legislation. It is a good sign of the times that the recent vacancies in the medical department of the Local Government Board have been filled up from the ranks of the working Medical Officers of Health. The staff of medical inspectors, however, is too small for the work. In the event of the appointment of a capable and responsible Minister of Health, a considerable adddition to their number would be required. In view of the work to be done, it is to be hoped that these promotions will be made like the others, as rewards to distinguished Medical Officers who hitherto have had scant justice done to them, either by the State or by the public.

It would, indeed, be a happy day for the nation if the Cabinet could be persuaded to entrust the sanitary service of the country to an earnest Minister of Health, a man of learning, of scientific acquirements, of great administrative capacity, one who has served on sanitary commissions before devoting himself to politics, such a man, for example, as Dr. Lyon Playfair. Under such auspices, a bright era would be inaugurated, and the science of preventive medicine, 'the medicine of the future', would enter upon its golden age in this country.

GAS COOKING AND HEATING APPARATUS.

HITHERTO the gas cooking apparatus to which we have referred have been mainly those suitable to the requirements of the ordinary household; but we have yet to examine it in its relation to the large business establishments, public institutions, and mansions of the aristocracy, who adopt it as the means for supplying their daily cooking wants, and to these sources we may look for more reliable information as to its advantages as a medium for the preparation of food. In reviewing this part of the question, we have only to mention the name of Leoni & Co., of the Adamas Works, St. Paul Street, New North Road, to provide us with a plethora of examples. In certain respects Mr. Leoni stands alone amongst gas cooking range makers; having completed some of his largest works at a time when cooking by the agency of gas was comparatively in its infancy, and when scarcely any other manufacturer had attempted to apply this lighting' medium, to any but the most simple processes of culinary art. Numerous workhouses, hospitals, clubs, and private mansions, in London and the provinces, have long since testified to the success of what has ceased to be an experiment, and to the immense saving thus effected in money, time, and general economy in the kitchen. As by no means one of the oldest of Mr. Leoni's triumphs, but certainly one of the most considerable, we will instance Mr. Whiteley's establishment in Westbourne Grove, where about 1,800 persons are fed daily through the agency of his cooking appliances, and are dependent upon them for everything they consume, save bread and beer, even to a drop of hot-water. No breakfast can be obtained until the water in the Leoni boiler is heated, and from which one hundred gallons runs through boiling in twenty minutes. It is selfsupplying, consequently throughout the whole day the quantity named is always at command; and Mr. Whiteley states that the first hundred gallons is boiled at a cost of about fourpence. The boiler is formed of a series of small ones, holding about three gallons each, enclosed in a casing, around all which the heat circulates. Each boiler can be readily opened and cleaned as occasion requires, and it is probably the most complete apparatus of its kind in Although originally invented by Mr. Leoni for Mr. Whiteley, the maker has since made it a stock article, and is prepared to supply the same model to the public. What is most likely to attract the attention of the visitor to Mr. Whiteley's kitchen is the comparative coolness in the apartment, and the absence of the usual smells inseparable from coal fire cooking. Ventilation is provided for by a series of louvres over the apparatus which draw in the heated air and discharge it into an ordinary flue pipe with the products of combustion. Mr. Whiteley himself states that he has effected a saving of more

use.

most eminent chefs, he has become almost a practical cook as well as a gas engineer. But although unapproached in the large and costly apparatus, he is nevertheless a maker of all kinds of stoves suitable for small families, and has always been noted for turning out the very best description of work. Our first illustration represents one of the large double ovens or roasters, with ventilating arrangement above, such as are in use at Mr. Whiteley's

than £800 per annum since he has adopted this system, and as a further proof of the uninterrupted success attending it, we are informed not a single hitch has occurred during the whole period it has been in use, now over five years. Turning to an establishment of a different character; we will instance the Lambeth Infirmary, where a similar apparatus is in use, providing from six hundred to eight hundred inmates with their daily food. As may be supposed, some of the utensils here are of a different character, the requirements of a hospital necessitating the use of some articles distinct from those of a domestic establishment. Amongst the arrangements here, we find large steaming apparatus making fifty gallons of beef-tea daily, and other foods suitable for the sick, but all working with the same order and regularity, absence of undue heat, and extreme cleanliness, and the same high meed of praise is also accorded to the inventor. It may, however, be objected that the examples we have named do not apply to high-class cooking and those choice and cunningly devised entrées, that are only to be found upon the tables of the wealthy. An inquiry at some of the clubs, Boodle's, or the Hurlingham for instance, or at many aristocratic mansions, will quickly dispel any doubt that may linger in the minds of the sceptical on this point. The most complete apparatus of this class with which we are acquainted is fitted up in the town house of one of our most wealthy commoners, a gentleman well-known in connection with our Indian Empire. Here there are two chefs, one being an Indian, and it is probable that some of the most recherché dishes that ever appeared on a dinner-table have been prepared, as regards the cooking, by Leoni's stoves. The frying of whitebait, braising, and the cooking of dishes au gratin are arranged for by specially constructed burners, giving the proper amount of heat required to effect these delicate processes; and where Mr. Leoni has an advantage

about six feet high, exclusive of the ventilator, and a fair estimate may be formed of the number of joints that can be cooked in it at one time. An arrangement is provided by which the dripping percolates into a well or tank, and is removed from the front. The next engraving is a representation of a patent hot-plate for entrées and high-class cooking, with reflector grillers underneath. They are made in several sizes, our illustration being taken from one about five feet long. Steaming apparatus we illustrate by an engraving of Leoni's patent Multiple Gas Boiler, with steamer, intended for fish, poultry, vegetables, etc. Both of these are made of various designs and sizes, regulated by requirements. Our last engraving represents one of the Family Cookers, large enough for the requirements of a family of twenty persons, but is also made in smaller sizes. Descriptions of Mr. Leoni's heating stoves, gas hot-water system, and disinfecting apparatus will be given in

a future number of the SANITARY RECORD. If we

should find that irrespective of economy, Mr. Leoni has contributed more to the abatement of smoke than any manufacturer now living.

The Urban Sanitary Authorities of Newbury have received the report of Messrs. Law and Chatterton, civil engineers, of Westminster, on the several schemes for the drainage of the district, and acting upon their suggestion have awarded the first premium of 100 guineas to Mr. H. O. Baldry, a member of Mr. Fowler's staff engaged in superintending the construction of the Didcot, Newbury, and Southampton Junction Railway. The second premium of 50 guineas was awarded to Messrs. Gotto and Beesley, of Great George Street, Westminster.

A DICTIONARY OF SANITARY APPLIANCES.

FIG.4.

FIG. 3.

BY W. EASSIE, C.E.

(Continued from p. 332.)

AIR.-XXXIX.

Disinfection by Hot Air, etc. (continued).- In the last article, I furnished the reader with a perspective view and description of the 'Nottingham Self-regulating Improved Disinfecting Apparatus' of Messrs. Goddard & Massey. I now furnish a series of plans, showing the most approved kind of building for containing it, and for working it in. This building is here given to scale, and is drawn from one in use at a College in the Northern Counties, where it has done excellent work. The furnace, with the gas-ring burner underneath, is situated in a kind of stoke-hole, some four or five steps down below the level of the ground-floor, and the hot chamber is consequently above it (see woodcut, page 332, March 15). The building is formed with brick walls and with tiled roof, and a third of the space covered by the latter is appropriated to the storage of goods requiring disinfection.

CALE

FIG.2.

LL OF FEET.

C

In these buildings there should always be tiled floors, and, if possible, tiled walls as well, in order to be able to cleanse it out efficiently. The ceiling should not be of an open character, displaying tie-beams or roof-timbers, at all events in that portion of the building in which the disinfection is carried on. Neither should there be any shelves Fig. 1. Plan. Fig. 2. Elevation. or cupboards of any

Disinfecting Building.

A. Fu,nace. B. Hot chamber. c. Stores, etc.

room.

Fig. 3. Section through stores. Fig. 4. Section through disinfecting kind in either division of the building, as these are apt to harbour deleterious particles of dust, disease germs, vermin, and the like.

The latest portable disinfecting apparatus introduced to the notice of public and private authorities is that invented last year by Mr. Washington Lyon of Cornhill, London. Here, the body of the apparatus consists of a chamber of wrought-iron or other suitable metal, and provided with a door so arranged as to close in a steam-tight manner. Steam