FRAGRO (M. Lat. also 'flagro'), 'I smell or reek': O. W. flairmaur, ‘odorous', explaining olacem in the Capella Glosses (69); Mod. W. fflair, a feist', with which compare Fr. flaire, smell, scent'; Bret. fler, pador. Here it would be hard to decide whether the Welsh set out from flagro (supposing it to be a well attested form), or from fragro. On 1 for r in Welsh, see 'contrarius'.

FRANCIA, France': W. Ffraingc.

FRANCUS (pl. Franci'), M. Lat. a freeman, a Frank, or Frenchman': W. ffrange, a kind of feudal servant or official mentioned in the Welsh triplets contained in the Juvencus Codex, and later in the Mabinogi of Geraint ab Erbin. Here one may compare the francus serviens and francus tenens of medieval documents. Pl. Ffreinc, Frenchmen', in Mid. Welsh. This would now be Ffraingc had it not been ousted by Ffraingc from Francia, and superseded by Ffrangcod, 'Frenchmen', with its singular Ffrangeur or Ffrengeyn; Ffrengig, 'French', pronounced sometimes Ffreng-gig, but corrupted in the colloquial into Ffreinig, as in cnau Ffreinig, 'walnuts'.

FRAUS (acc. fraudem'), 'fraud, offence, injury': W. ffrawdd or ffrawd, 'noxa, læsio' (Davies). On the uncertainty as to d or dd, see 'pedester'.

FRENA,' a bridle, curb, bit': W. frwyn, fem. See 'castra' (b). FRUCTUS, produce, fruit': W. ffrwyth. Der. fructus': W. *ffrwchth', *ffrwith', ffrwyth'. See 'affectus'.

6

FUCUS, 'rouge for the cheeks, pretence': W. ffug, sham, fiction'; ffug-enw, 'nom de plume'.

FUGA, a fleeing': W. ffo, as in ar ffo in flight. Der. 'fuga': W. *ffoga', '*ffogh', 'ffo'.

FUNDO, 'I pour, I produce in abundance': W. ffijn-u, 'to thrive'.

FUNIS, 'a rope': W. fun, fem., ' fascis', 'manipulus' (Davies); ffun-en, in S. W. 'a fishing-line'; and in N. W. not exactly a cravate de chanvre', but any kind of neckerchief. In the Bible (Gen. vii, 22, and Daniel, x, 17) ffun means 'breath'. Supposing it not to be an entirely different word, it would be interesting to know how it came by this meaning. The gender of fun is probably owing to funis having been treated as a Latin feminine. The same applies to fust, which see under 'fustis' below.

FURCA, a fork': W. fforch, fem., a pitchfork'; and in S. W. ffwrch, fem., the fork'.

FUSTIS, 'a club': W. ffust, fem., 'flail'.

GALLICA ('pira' or 'poma'), 'Gallic (pears or apples)': W. gellaig or gellyg, 'pears'; sing., gellygen. Gellyg now is often pro

nounced gerllyg, as though the word were connected with garlleg, 'garlick'. The reader must be warned that this etymology is a mere conjecture, favoured however, in some measure, by such instances as enau Ffrengig, 'walnuts', lit. French nuts'; and llygod Ffrengig, 'rats', lit. French mice'.

GEMELLUS, a twin': W. gefaill, com. gen.

GEMMA, 'a gem': W. gem and em; pl. gèmau.

GLUTEN, glue': W. glud.

GLUTUS (-a, -um), 'tenacious': W. glud, 'tenax', 'patiens', 'assiduus' (Davies).

GRADUS, a step': W. gradd, mas. and fem., ' a step, degree'. GRÆCUS (-a, -um), 'Greek': W. Groeg, 'Greek'; used as a noun except in iaith Roeg='lingua Græca'. As to o e for æ, see

'ætas'.

·

GRAIUS (-a, -um), 'Greek': W. Gryw, as in Gryw ac Ebryw, 'Greek and Hebrew', which occurs over and over again in Mid. Welsh writings. Der. 'Graium', *Græum': W. *Grew', *Griw', 'Gryw'. Probably ai was treated as if it were a; if so, the derivation is easy. As to the retention of the u, see other instances under 'Hebræus', 'Judæus', 'oleum', 'puteus'.

GRAMMATICA, 'grammar, philology': W. gramadeg, mas., grammar, a grammar'. The change of gender is probably due to the influence of llyfr, mas., 'a book'. The form of the word is decidedly feminine.

GRANUM (pl. ‘grāna'), 'a grain, seed, small kernel: W. grawn, berries, corn', 'cerealia'; sing., gronyn, ' a grain'.

GRAPHIUM (ypapiov), a writing-stile': O. W. grephi-ou, 'stilos' (Capella Glosses, 20); grefiat, 'notarius' (Gram. Celt., 2nd ed., 839; Lib. Land., 271).

GREX (acc. 'gregem'), 'a drove, flock, company': W. gre, fem., 'a stud of horses' in the Welsh Laws; rhai, these ones, some'. Der. 'gregem': W. *greg', *gregh', 'gre'. The change of gender is regular: see brachium'. Now this word with the definite article yr, formerly ir, which is a proclitic, has gone through the following changes: *ir greg', '*ir ghregh', '*ir re', '*ir rei', 'yrei' (and even written 'yr ei'), 'yrhei', 'y rhai'. As to the evolution of h in the tone-syllable, compare such other instances as un ar hugain, twenty-one', for un ar ugain; yn ol yr herwydd, in proportion', from erwydd, a measuring-rod'; arhosodd, from aros, 'to stay'; and diarhèbjon, the plural of diareb, ' a proverb'. Thus gre passed into the form rhai with the article. The only other formula where the word was commonly used was pa rai, 'which ones'; and as pa rai, according to the rules of Welsh mutation, would stand equally for pa+rhai and pa+grai, there remained nothing to prevent rhai coming to be regarded as the

independent form of the word, and not grai or gre. So far as to the form of rhai; as to its meaning, the collective sense gave way to that of mere plurality, as in y rhai hyn=oi ovтoi; y rhai da' the good ones'; lit., ' this lot', 'the good lot', or more strictly still, these lot', etc. Add to this that pa rai is always used as a plural. On this transition into the plural, see also 'populus'. The Bretons still use the word in the feminine singular, as when one speaks of ar re vraz='les grands'; in W. y rhai breision. In Welsh the relative is a, as in the sentence, Dyma y dynion a welais, 'here are the men whom I saw'. The relative being thus reduced to a minimum of articulation, is often strengthened by the anaphorical insertions y rhai or pa rai, while the meaning remains unaltered: thus Dyma y dynion y rhai (or pa rai) a welais, lit., 'here are the men, the lot' (or' which lot') that I saw'. Similarly yr hwn=ó ovтos, and yr hon=ǹ avτη, are used in the singular, and regarded in modern Welsh as the real relatives, while the relative a is looked at as a kind of mysterious and idle particle. The last use of rhai to be noticed here, is that made of it in such a formula as rhai dynion, lit. 'lot of men'; but meaning simply either a few men' or some particular men', according as the context and emphasis indicate. GURDUS, à propos of which Quintilian says, i, 5, 57, ‘Gurdos, quos pro stolidis accipit vulgus ex Hispania duxisse originem audivi', meant in Med. Lat., 'obtusus', 'surdus': W. gwrdd, 'fortis', 'robustus', 'strenuus' (Davies).

(To be continued.)

SOUTH WALES CROMLECHS.

THE Pentre Evan Cromlech, near Newport, in Pembrokeshire, may be said to hold the same position among similar monuments in South Wales as the Plas Newydd one occupies in the northern portion of the Principality. This latter being so much easier of access, and close to the ordinary route of visitors, is probably more generally known than its southern rival. It has, moreover, been more frequently and more fully described and illustrated from the time of Rowlands to that of the Hon. W. O. Stanley of the present day. Rowland's notice is, however, of little importance (p. 94, edition 1765.) Pennant is fuller and is accompanied

with a fair representation of the group (vol. ii, p. 246, ed. 1784.) Gough has merely repeated Pennant's account. Angharad Llwyd, in her History of Mona, quotes from her father's papers, and as he was the companion and almost partner of Pennant in his Welsh excursions, she adds little to the published accounts. The same may be said of the notice of this monument in the Munimenta Antiqua, a work of no real value, in spite of its numerous illustrations. Mr. Stanley's notice and illustrations of it, in his account of the great chambered mound near it, and which adds so much to the interest of the Cromlech, is the latest and most complete, and will be found in the Archæologia Cambrensis of 1870. Other accounts exist, but are little more than repetitions of what is familiar to the majority of readers.

The Cromlech of Pentre Evan, if it has not been as fortunate as its northern rival as regards descriptions and illustrations, has at least the advantage of having been noticed by the Pembrokeshire antiquary George Owen, who lived nearly two centuries before Rowlands' time. Sir Richard Colt Hoare visited it, probably in company with Fenton the author of the Tour in Pembrokeshire, as he drew the view of the cromlech which appears in Fenton's book. His notice of it, however, in his edition of Baldwin's Itinerary, is singularly brief. All that he tells us is as follows: "The cromlech, or temple at Pentre Evan, surpasses in height or size any I have yet seen in Wales, or indeed in England, Stonehenge and Abury excepted." The engraving does not accurately represent the monument.

Another view was published in The Graphic and Historical Illustrator, a short-lived periodical started for popular use, and by the late Edward W. Brayley. This view was executed from a drawing of Dudley Costello, taken in 1832, and was taken nearly from the same point of view as that of Hoare, and is not more correct. The illustration (cut No. 1) that accompanies this notice is from a photograph, taken also on the

same side as were the two above mentioned engravings, but somewhat nearer the single stone that supports the end of the capstone.

A brief notice of this cromlech also will be found in the Archæologia Cambrensis of 1865, p. 284, and 1872, p. 129, where is a small but faithful view taken from the north-east or opposite side to the above mentioned view; but even this hardly does justice to the original. A fuller account was also published by Sir Gardner Wilkinson in the Collectanea of the British Archæological Association. A diminutive view of the rear of the capstone accompanies the notice, and has been reproduced on an enlarged scale, as useful in showing the positions of the two stones, which are the last remains of an anterior chamber.

One writer, indeed, has introduced a mention of this cromlech, accompanied with a copy of the little cut in the Archæologia Cambrensis, in that extraordinary book entitled the Rude Stone Monuments of all Countries, their Ages and Use. According to this authority, the age of our principal megalithic monuments in England and Wales is Arthurian, and they are mere monuments commemorating the twelve battles won by Arthur as given in Nennius. One very decided confirmation of this theory, as Mr. Fergusson thinks, is the singular fact that the great cromlech on Bryn Cefn in Gower is named after Arthur, and is the only stone so named, as far as he has been able to ascertain; whereas there is hardly a monument of the kind (the Pentre Evan one included) that is not assigned to Arthur.

But as other stone monuments like those of Pentre Evan and Plas Newydd have not been thus explained, with singular courage (for he evidently has not examined either of them) he says, speaking of the former of the two, "the supports do not and could not form a chamber. The earth would have fallen in on all sides and the connexion between the roof and the floor been cut off entirely, even before the whole was completed." Of the Plas Newydd monument he states, with no less