Abgarus, 137; picture of at Edessa, its miraculous powers, ib.; the simi- litude adopted and multiplied by the Greeks, 138; the veronica, ib.; how regarded by Mahomet, vi. 226. CHRISTIANITY, inquiry into its progress and establishment, ii. 151, sqq.; five causes of, 152; Gibbon's art in this inquiry, ib. note M.; character of the Christian revelation, 156; adapted to all mankind, 157; Jewish con- verts to, ib.; fear a motive of conver- sion, 177; causes of its growth re- capitulated, 204; assisted by the scepticism of the Pagans, 205; and by the peace and union of the Roman empire, 206; historical view of its progress, 207; in the East, ib.; in Egypt, 209; at Rome, 210; in Africa and Gaul, 211; in Spain and Britain, 212; beyond the Roman empire, 213; favourably received by the poor and simple, 217; rejected by some eminent characters, ib.; unfounded charge of made penal by Hadrian, 241; fluctuating state under Con- stantine, iii. 3; all his subjects in- vited to embrace it, 9; mysteries of, 20; propagated by Constantine's con- version, 23; assisted by the inquisi- tion into magic under Valentinian I., 42, note M.; finally established under Jovian, 230; adopted by a majority of the Roman senate, 411; by the Roman nobility and people, 412; cor- rupted by the introduction of Pagan ceremonies, 432; yet still differed from Paganism, 433, note M.; in- fluence of on the fall of the Roman empire, iv. 404; progress of among the barbarians, 324; causes, ib.; dif- fusion of in Arabia, vi. 215; ex- tinction of in Africa, 369; propa- gation of in the north of Europe, vii. 94.
CHRISTIANS, primitive, ascribed idolatry
to the demons, ii. 165; their horror of Pagan rites and ceremonies, 166, sq.; believed that the end of the world was at hand, 172; explana- tions of that belief, 173, notes G. and M.; expected the millennium, 173; and destruction of the world by fire, 175; held all Pagans the subjects of eternal punishment, 176; a doctrine still held by the Christian churches, b. note; miraculous powers of the
primitive church, 178; virtues of the primitive Christians, 182; their small numbers made them careful of repu- tation, 183; those of Bithynia ex- amined by the younger Pliny, ib.; condemned pleasure, 185; their vir- tue often guarded by poverty and ignorance, 186; their sentiments re- specting marriage and chastity, ib.; their aversion to civil and military employments, 188; inculcated pas- sive obedience, ib.; these principles revived by the Socinians, Anabap- tists, and Quakers, ib. note; active in the government of the church, 189; the army full of them, ib. note G.; community of goods among, 197; questionable, ib. note M.; offerings and tithes, 198; numbers of at Rome under Nero, 210; their pro- portion to the Pagans in general, 214; represented as mostly poor and illiterate, 215; exceptions with re- gard to learning, ib.; with regard to rank and fortune, 216; Gib- bon's omissions supplied, ib. note G. ;. persecuted by the Roman emperors, 220; motives of the latter, 221; causes of this persecution, 224 and note M.; represented as atheists, 225; their union and assemblies re- garded as dangerous, 226; as well sa their austerity and obstinacy, 227: and secret worship, ib.; alleged crimes and imprudent defence, 228; mutual recriminations of the ortho- dox and heretics, 229; at first con- founded with the Jews by the Romans, and hence unnoticed, 231; charged with hatred of mankind, 233, note; subject to a capitation tax as Jews, 238; no general laws against them before the time of Trajan, 240; who established a mode of proceed- ing against them, 241; public clamour against them during the festivals, 242; suppressed by Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, 243; trials of, ib.; humane efforts of the magistrates to make them recant, ib.; punishments of, 245; ardour for martyrdom, 252; gradually relaxed, 253; methods of escaping, ib.; delay allowed to the accused, ib.; persecuted by M. An- toninus, 257; protected by Com- modus and Severus, ib.; the latter publishes an edict against them,
258; they first erect places of wor- ship, ib.; published the names of candidates for ordination, ib. note; favoured by the emperor Alexander, 259; persecuted by Maximin, ib.; protected by Philip, 260; persecuted by Decius, ib.; by Valerian, 261; favoured by Gallienus, ib. ; prosperity under Diocletian, 264; corruption of manners, 265; persecuted by Maxi- mian and Galerius, 267; by Diocle- tian, 269; his rigorous edict, ib.; punishment of one, 270; suspected of firing Diocletian's palace, 271; execution of Diocletian's first edict, 272; punished with death for not delivering up the Scriptures, 273; further edicts of Diocletian against, 274; protected by Constantius, 275; persecuted by Datianus in Spain, ib.; by Maximian and Severus in Italy and Africa, 276; favoured by Max- entius, ib.; Galerius' edict of tolera- tion, 278; persecution renewed by Maximin, 280; ended by his death, 281; treatment of not so intolerable as imagined, 282; inflicted greater injuries on each other than they suf- fered from the infidels, 284; numbers executed in the Netherlands in the reign of Charles V., 285; passive obe- dience of favourably regarded by Con- stantine, iii. 7; their political views explained by Grotius, ib. note; differed from those of the modern Protestants, 8; their zeal and loyalty, 9; change in their views of military service, 10; censured by the Council of Nice, 11, note; belief in a miracle to be worked by Constantine, 11; yearly synods, 39; respect for Plato, 49, note; opinion respecting the Son, 51; how distinguished from the Platonists, 52; bound by the authority of the church, ib.; factions, ib.; divi- sions occasioned by the Arian con- troversy, 87, sq.; general charac- ter of their sects, 96; exiled clergy recalled by Julian, 147; secret motives of his toleration, ib.; he emulates their charity and benefi- cence, 150; brands them with the name of Galilæans, 162; prohibits them from teaching grammar and rhetoric, 163; excludes them from offices of trust and profit, 164; con- demns them to restore the Pagan
temples, 165; further persecutions, 170; zeal and imprudence of the, 176; destroy the Pagan temples, 177; attributed the death of Julian to a Christian assassin, 226; dissen- sions among at Jovian's accession, 228; violent disputes under Valens, 250; in Persia, mostly Nestorians, vi. 47; their repugnance to the use of images, 134; tolerated by the Mahometans, 371; hardships under, 372.
CHRISTMAS DAY, why selected by the Romans as the birthday of Christ, iii. 113, note. CHRISTOPHER, Son of Romanus I., By- zantine emperor, vi. 102. CHRYSANTHIUS, the philosopher, de- clines Julian's invitation to Constan- tinople, iii. 151, 152, note. CHRYSAPHIUS, the eunuch and favourite of Theodosius the Younger, proposes to Edecon the assassination of Attila, iv. 216; the latter demands his head, 218; pardons him for a large sum, ib.; put to death by the empress Pulcheria, 219; supported the cause of Eutychés in the second council of Ephesus, vi. 25.
CHRYSOCHEIR, the Paulician, ravages Asia Minor, vii. 53; reduces the em- peror Basil to sue for peace, 54; slain, ib. CHRYSOLORAS, MANUEL, second profes- sor of Greek at Florence, viii. 111; success as a teacher, 112; scholars of, ib. note; death, 113; epistle to John II. Palæologus, 120 and note. CHRYSOPOLIS, battle of between Con- stantine and Licinius, ii. 148; the modern Scutari, 289.
CHRYSOSTOM, St., on the population of Antioch, ii. 209, note M.; arguments against death-bed baptism, iii. 21, notes; eloquence of, 38; descrip- tion of the pomp and luxury of Arca- dius, iv. 136; protects Eutropius, 147; origin and promotion of, 151; moral and literary character, 152; ministry, ib.; bold preaching, ib.; persecuted by the empress Eudoxia and other females, 153; abstinence and moroseness, ib.; condemned and deposed by the Synod of the Oak, 155; restored, ib.; inveighs against Eudoxia, ib.; exiled to Cucusus, 156; his active correspondence there,
157; death at Comana, ib.; relics transported to Constantinople, ib.; advocacy of monasticism, 310, notes. CHURCH, primitive, free and equal government of, ii. 190; wealth of, 199; landed property, ib.; revenues, how distributed, 200; alms, ib.; ex- communication, how exercised by, 201; corporate property of, recog- nized by the edict of Milan, iii. 32 and note; right of bequeathing to, granted by Constantine, ib.; his libe- rality to, 33; revenue of dioceses how divided, 34; patrimony of the, subject to taxes, ib.; its revenues transferred by Julian to the pontiffs, 165; British, its poverty, iv. 134; Latin and Greek, union of, vi. 44; eastern, entertains the monophysite and Nestorian tenets, 45; separates from the Greek and Latin com- munion, ib.
CHURCHES, Christian, when first erected, ii. 258 and note; demolition of, 273; architecture of under Constantine, iii. 33; splendour, ib.; made sanctu- aries, 35; Suburbicarian, 39, note. CIBALIS, battle near, between Constan- tine and Licinius, ii. 140. CICERO, his 'de Naturâ Deorum,' i. 167, note; legacies to, 300; his views concerning the immortality of the soul, ii. 168; his mistake concerning the use of torture at Athens, 332, note S.; could not understand Plato's Timæus, iii. 50, note; his high opi- nion of the Twelve Tables, v. 263; account of his work 'de Legibus,' 276.
CILICIA, province, i. 160; conquered
by the Saracens, vi. 327; conquered by Nicephorus Phocas and Zimisces, 426.
CIMITAR, a, worshipped by the Moguls as the god of war, iv. 195. CIMMERIAN darkness, origin of that expression, iv. 79, note. CIRCASSIANS, dynasty of in Syria and Egypt, viii. 51.
CIRCESIUM, site of, i. 326, note; town of, iii. 90; last Roman station on the Euphrates, v. 83. CIRCUMCELLIONS, Donatist sect in Africa, revolt and fury of, iii. 93; arms and war-cry, 94; religious sui- cides of, 95; fury of, iv. 180. CIRCUMCISION repelled proselytes from
Judaism, ii. 156; practised by the most ancient Abyssinians, 161, note; practised by the Christians of Abys- sinia, v. 66; a religious rite among the Arabians, vi. 213 and note. CIRCUS, Roman, described, iv. 86 and note; factions of the, v. 48; their Co- lours, ib. and note; adopted in the Hip- podrome of Constantinople, 49; mas sacre of the blues by the greens, ib. CIRCUS AGONALIS at Rome, viii. 282. CITEAUX, monastery of, vii. 247. CITIES in ancient Italy, i. 185; in Britain, Gaul, and Spain, 186; in Africa, ib.; in Asia, 187; Lombard and Italian, progress of, vi. 187; go- vernment of, 188.
CITIZENSHIP, made universal by Cara- calla, i. 293; his motive, 300; con- sequences, 303. CITRON-WOOD, extravagant fondness of the Romans for, vi. 347, note. CIVILIANS, Roman, their origin and succession, v. 273.
CIVILIS, the Batavian, his revolt, i. 368.
CLAIRVAUX, monastery of founded by St. Bernard, vii. 247 and note. CLARISSIMI, Roman senators anciently so called, ii. 301, note; or honourable, a title under Constantine, 305; class of defined, 314.
CLASSICS, Greek and Latin, their me- rits, vi. 403.
CLAUDIA, miracle of, iii. 139, note. CLAUDIAN, his 'Old Man of Verona,' iv. 32; patronized by Stilicho and Serena, 63; danger after the disgrace of the former, 64; his religious in- difference, ib. note M.; character 28 a poet, 65; a native of Alexandria, 66, note; character of his two books against Eutropius, 132, note; his description of that eunuch, 140. CLAUDIUS elected emperor by the Præ- torians without the senate, i. 210; purchased the consent of the former, 211, note W.; character, 217. CLAUDIUS at Thermopylæ, i. 383, note; named emperor by Gallienus, ii. 3; character, ib.; accession, 4; act of justice, 5; proposes to reform the army, ib.; compels the Goths to re- tire from Thessalonica, 6; letter to the senate, ib.; obtains the name of "Gothicus" from his victories over the Goths, 7; death, 8.
CLEANDER, minister of Commodus, i. 227; his tyranny, 228; death, ib. CLEAVELAND, Ezra, his history of the family of Courtenay, vii. 350, note. CLEMATIUS of Alexandria, murder of, ii. 389, note.
CLEMENS of Alexandria, his 'Pæda-
gogue' contains the rudiments of Christian ethics, ii. 186, note. CLEMENS, FLAVIUS, cousin of Domi-
tian, married to Domitilla, ii. 239; executed on the charge of atheism and Jewish manners, ib. ; considered one of the first martyrs, ib. CLEMENT III., pope, crowns Henry III. emperor, vii. 128.
CLEMENT V., pope, election of, viii. 215; transfers his residence to Avig- non, ib.
CLEMENT VI., pope, receives ambassa- dors from John Cantacuzene at Avig- non, viii. 79; character of, 80; in- stitutes the Mosaic jubilee, 218 and note.
CLEMENT VII., pope, election of, viii. 251.
CLEMENTINES, the, attributed to an
Ebionite, iii. 48, note.
CLEODAMAS fortifies Piræus, i. 400. CLEOPATRA founds a new library at Alexandria, iii. 417, notes. CLEPHO elected king of the Lombards, v. 341; assassinated, ib. CLERGY, their influence examined, i. 196 and notes W. and M.; dis- tinguished from the laity in many ancient nations, iii. 27; condi- tion of under the emperors, 28; celibacy of, 30 and note M.; selected and ordained by the bishops, ib.; exempted from civil offices and taxes, 31; limitation of this privilege, ib. note G.; increase of their number and orders, 31; civil jurisdiction of, 34; their legal causes, except great crimes, tried by the bishops, 35; Christian bequests to made illegal by Valentinian I., 253 and 254, note S. CLERMONT, defence of by Ecdicius against the Visigoths, iv. 287; coun- cil of, vii. 181.
CLODION, first of the Merovingian kings, iv. 227; overruns the second Belgic, 228; routed near Artois by Aëtius, ib.; establishes his kingdom from the Rhine to the Somme, ib.
CLOTILDA, a princess of Burgundy, marries and converts Clovis, iv. 350. CLOVIS, king of the Franks, birth, iv. 346; his Salian dominions, ib.; name equivalent to Ludwin or Lewis, ib. note; character, 347; defeats Sya- grius, 348; acquires the Belgic cities and diocese of Tongres, ib.; subdues the Alemanni, 349; con- verted to Christianity by his wife Clotilda, 350; his Christian fervour, 351; assassinates all the Merovin- gian princes, 352; remark about St. Martin, ib.; orthodoxy, ib.; conci- liates the submission of the Armori- cans and of the Roman troops, ib.; compared with Henry IV., 353; re- duces Gundebald, king of the Bur- gundians, to vassalage, 355; at the instance of Clotilda, declares war on the Arians of Gaul, 357; defeats and slays Alaric, king of the Visigoths, 359; conquers Aquitain, 360; com- pelled to raise the siege of Arles, 361; concludes a treaty with the Visigoths, ib.; made consul by the emperor Anastasius, ib. and 362, note S. CLUVERIUS, his notion of the ancient German worship, i. 364, note. COACHES, Roman, splendour and incon- venience of, iv. 78, note.
COCHE, near the ancient Seleucia, de- scribed, iii. 201.
CODEX ARGENTEUS, or Gothic gospels of Ulphilas, discovery of, iv. 323, notes M. and S.
CODICILS, Roman law as to, v. 277, 310. CODINUS, mistakes of that author, ii. 299, note.
CENOBITES, how distinguished from Anachorets, iv. 319.
COGNATS, what, v. 307; had no right of inheritance, ib. COGNI, v. Iconium.
COHORTS, city, i. 154, 229 and notes. COIL, British king, imaginary father of Helena, ii. 109.
COINAGE, Constantinopolitan, debase-
ment of, vii. 382, note; how regu lated by the Roman emperors, viii. 200 and note M. COLCHIS, reduced by Trajan, i. 143; or Mingrelia, described, v. 194; man- ners of the natives, 195; revolutions of Colchis, 197.
COLISEUM at Rome, meaning of the
name, viii. 280 and note; causes of its decay, 281 and note M.; used as a fortress, 281, 282, note M.; bull feast in, 282; injuries to, 284; con- secrated by Benedict XIV., ib. COLLYRIDIAN heresy, vi. 223 and note.
COLONIES, Roman, i. 172; superior pri-
vileges of, 173 and note. COLONNA, Roman family, history of, viii. 221; Ghibelines, 223. COLONNA, SCIARRA, seizes and insults pope Boniface VIII. at Anagni, viii. 215.
COLONNA, STEPHEN, flies from Rome on the conspiracy of Rienzi, viii. 232; defeat and death, 242; family of defeated and killed by Rienzi, ib. COLUMBA, St., monastery of, iv. 310, note.
COLUMBAN, St., rule of, iv. 314; educated, ib. note S. COMANA, temple of, suppressed and ap- propriated by the successors of Con- stantine, ii. 329.
COMANS, Turkish tribe of, allied with the Bulgarians, vii. 329, note. COMBATS, judicial, introduced into Gaul by the Burgundians, iv. 370; pro- gress of, ib.; law of in the assize of Jerusalem, vii. 234. COMES CASTRENSIS, steward of the im- perial household so called, ii. 326. COMET observed during the reign of Justinian, v. 249; its periodical re- turns enumerated, 250, sq. COMITIA, restored by Caligula, i. 205, note.
COMITO, sister of the empress Theo- dora, v. 42 and note. COMMENTIOLUS, general of the emperor Maurice, his cowardice, v. 381. COMMERCE, despised by the Romans, iv. 75.
COMMODUS, admitted to imperial power, i. 222; accession, 223; character, ib. note; the first porphyrogenitus, ib. note; reign, 24, sq.; attempted assassination by a senator, 224; his hatred of the senate, ib.; profligacy, 229; ignorance, 230; the 66 Roman Hercules," 231; appears in the amphitheatre, ib.; a gladiator, 232; called "Paulus," 233; conspiracy against, ib,; murdered, 234; de- clared infamous, 235; protected the Christians, ii. 257.
COMNENI, history of the family of, vi. 111; genealogical table of, 112, note S.; raise a civil war against Nicephorus Botaniates, 117; extent of their em- pire, vii. 6; its wealth and populous- ness, 7; extinction of the family of, viii. 182. COMNENUS, ALEXIUS, duke and emperor of Trebizond, vii. 327 and note S. COMNENUS, DAVID, last emperor of Trebizond, short question of Maho- met II. to, viii. 182; capitulation and death, ib. and note M. COMNENUS, JOHN, brother of the em-
peror Isaac, question as to his refusing the crown, vi. 113 and note S.; as- serts the rights of his nephews, 115; his children, 116. COMPLUTENSIAN POLYGLOT, cost of, iv. 355 note.
CONCEPTION, immaculate of the Virgin Mary, doctrine of borrowed from the Koran, vi. 226 and note. CONCLAVE, institution of the, viii. 212; described, ib.; ballot introduced at, 213; accounts of, ib. notes. CONCORD, altar of, in the isle of Ele- phantine, demolished by Justinian, v. 82, note.
CONCUBINES, Roman law respecting, v. 300. CONFARREATION, marriage rite, of what an emblem, v. 294. CONFEDERATES, barbarian army of, under Orestes, how composed, iv. 295; their demand of a third part of the lands of Italy, 296; rejected by Orestes, 297; capture Pavia and exe- cute Orestes, ib.
CONFESSORS Confounded with Martyrs, ii. 251, note.
CONOB, that inscription on Byzantine
coins explained, vi. 152 and note S. CONON, original name of Leo III. the Isaurian, vi. 82.
CONRAD III., emperor of Germany, un-
dertakes the second Crusade, vii. 239; interview with the emperor Manuel, 243; march through Ana- tolia and defeat, 244 and note S.; embassy of the Romans to, viii. 206. CONRAD, duke of Franconia, killed in a campaign against the Hungarians, vii. 78.
CONRAD of Montferrat relieves Tyre, vii. 261; question respecting his as sassination, 264 and note M.
« ForrigeFortsett » |