treatment by Frangipani and the Romans, viii. 192; second attack on, and flight, 193.
GELI, site of the, ii. 81, note. GELIMER, king of the Vandals in
Africa, iv. 330; deposes Hilderic, v. 97; defeated by Belisarius, 109; puts Hilderic to death, ib.; encamps at Bulla, 111; letter to his brother Zano, ib.; second defeat and flight, 113; distress, 116; three extraordi- nary requests to Pharas, 117; sur- render, 118; behaviour at the tri- umph of Belisarius, 119; retires into Galatia, 120.
GELONI, vassal-tribe of the Alani, iii. 315. GENERALS, Roman, power of, i. 199. GENEROSITY, Arabian, examples of, vi. 209.
GENEVIÈVE, St., diverts the march of
Attila from Paris, iv. 232. GENNADIUS, patriarch of Constantino- ple, his opinion of the Athanasian creed, iv. 335, note.
GENNADIUS, monk of Constantinople, denounces a union with the Latin church, viii. 157; duplicity of, ib. note; installed patriarch by Maho- met II., 179. GENNERID, a barbarian and pagan, made master-general of Dalmatia, &c., under Honorius, iv. 95; extorts a toleration for the pagans, 96. GENOESE, Settlements of the, at Hera-
clea and Constantinople, vii. 368; increase of their colony, and fortifi- cation of Galata, 407; their trade and insolence, ib.; usurp the toll of the Bosphorus, 408; war with the emperor Cantacuzene, 409; naval victory over the Greeks and Vene- tians, 410 and note M.; extort a monopoly from the Greeks, 411. GENS, Roman, defined, v. 307. GENSERIC, King of the Vandals in Spain, character, iv. 177; defeats Herman- ric, king of the Suevi, ib.; invades Africa at the invitation of count Boni- face, 178; joined by the Moors, 179; assisted by the Donatists, 180; de- feats the repentant Boniface, 181; treaty with Valentinian III., 185; domestic and political difficulties, ib. ; surprises Carthage, 186; allies him- self with Attila, 199; mutilates his son's wife, daughter of Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, 226; incites
Attila to invade Gaul, ib.; builds a fleet, 253; conquers Sicily, ib.; anchors at the mouth of the Tiber, 254; sacks Rome, 257; carries the empress Eudoxia as a prisoner to Carthage, ib.; destroys the navy of Majorian at Carthagena, 273; con- cludes a treaty with him, ib.; pira- tical expeditions, 276; massacre at Zante, 277; treaty with the Eastern empire, ib.; destroys the fleet of Basiliscus, 285; revival of his naval power, 286; persecuted his catholic subjects, 329.
GENTLEMAN, etymology of that name, vii. 199, note.
GEOGRAPHY and Cosmology, ancient orthodox system of, v. 62. 'GEOPONICS' of Constantine Porphyro- genitus, vii. 2.
GEORGE of Cappadocia, succeeds Atha- nasius at Alexandria, iii. 83; his tyranny, ib.; his infamous character, 171; promoted by the Arians to the see of Alexandria, ib.; his oppres- sions, ib.; massacred, 172; wor- shipped as a saint and martyr, 173; tutelar saint of England, ib.; his identity in the latter character ques- tioned by Dr. Milner, ib. note M. GEORGE of Pisidia, his Acroaseis, v. 401, note.
GEORGE, Sicilian admiral, takes Maha- dia, vii. 135; delivers Louis VII. from the Greeks, 136; insults Con- stantinople, 137.
GEORGIANS, religion of the, vii. 158;
name whence derived, ib. note. GEOUGEN, Scythian tribe, iv. 43; van- quished by Attila, 196; attributed supernatural powers to the Huns, ib. GEPIDE, origin of that name, i. 379; uncertain whether Goths, ib. note S.; subdued by Attila, iv. 196; seize Sirmium and Belgrade, v. 165; their ironical apology to Justinian, ið.; conquered by the Lombards, 167; subdued by the Avars and Lombards, 334; their country occupied by the former, ib.
GERGOVIA, Siege of, by Julius Cæsar, iv. 376.
GERMANIA, town of, birth-place of Belisarius, v. 99, and note S. GERMANICUS, i. 139, note.
GERMANS, ancient, occupy part of Bel- gium, i. 156; were illiterate, 354;
houses and raiment, 355; agriculture, 356; unacquainted with money, ib.; manners, 357; beer, 358; freedom, 359; government, 360; popular as- semblies, ib.; princes and magis- trates, jurisdiction of, 361; gifts, 362; chastity, ib.; its causes, 363; respect for women, ib.; marriage present, ib. note; fortitude of their women, 364; religion, ib.; effects of their superstition, 365; bards, 366; songs, ib. note G.; causes of their want of progress, 367; arms, ib.; cavalry, ib.; want of discipline, ib.; civil dissensions, 368; fomented by the Romans, 369; confederation against M. Antoninus, 370; tribes, 371; invited by Constantius II. to invade Gaul, ii. 412; destroy forty- five cities, ib.; extent of their con- quests on the left bank of the Rhine, ib.; defeated by Julian at Strasburg, 417; driven from the Upper Rhine, 418; religious indifference of the, iii. 10; northern, emigration of into Italy, how caused, iv. 44 and note M.; the remnant, after their defeat by Sti- licho, invade and settle in Gaul, 50; the Alemanni on the Rhine remain neutral, 51; character of, in 16th century, 109; join the fourth crusade, vii. 295.
GERMANUS, nephew of Justinian, de- clines to conduct the defence of An- tioch, v. 190; appointed to command an Italian expedition, 229; charac- ter, ib.; death, 230. GERMANUS, father-in-law of Theodo-
sius, son of the emperor Maurice, resigns the purple to Phocas, v. 385. GERMANY, Upper and Lower, Roman provinces, i. 156; importance of its history, 349; limits of ancient, ib.; Gib- bon's account corrected, 350, note S.; climate, 350; Gibbon's account cor- rected, 351, note M.; its effects, 352; how peopled, ib.; Olaus Rudbeck's account, 353; cities, 355; game and cattle, 356; metals, ib.; population, 358; Malthus' remark on, 359, note M.; causes of its population, iii. 260; united by Charlemagne, vi. 174; emperors of, their title of emperor dependent on their coronation by the pope, 179; imperial crown fixed in the nation of, by Otho I., ib. ; autho- rity of the emperors in the election
of popes, 181; jurisdiction in Rome, 184; abandoned by them, 185, princes of, their independence, 189; Germanic confederation, 191; silver mines of, vii. 395, note; description of, by Chalcocondyles the Greek his- torian, viii. 86; military power of, 127, note.
GERONTIUS, Commander in Greece, un- der Arcadius, iv. 24. GERONTIUS, general of the usurper Con- stantine, sets up Maximus as emperor in Spain, iv. 119; his heroic defence and death, ib. sq.
GERSON, John, doctor of the Sorbonne, his measure for healing the papal schism, viii. 254 and note. GESSORIACUM (Boulogne), Roman fleet
at, ii. 70; taken by Constantius, 72. GETA and Caracalla, sons of the em- peror Severus, discord of, i. 264; accession of, 267; jealousy, ib. ; Geta murdered, 268; deified, 269, note; character, ib. note W.
GETE, whether Goths, i. 375, note S. GETES, Jits, or Calmucks, viii. 41 and note M.
GHEBERS: v. Magians.
GHIBELINES, vi. 189; viii. 191. GIANNONE, his 'Civil History of Naples," iii. 34, note.
GIAOUR, or Gabour, etymology of that name, viii. 148, note.
GIBAMUND, nephew of Gelimer, de- feated, v. 108.
GIBRALTAR, name whence derived, vi. 356.
GILDAS, his description of Britain, iv. 389.
GILDO, the Moor, brother of Firmus, his revolt in Africa, iv. 15; brutal character, 16; transfers his allegiance from Honorius to Arcadius, ib.; de- clared a public enemy by the Roman senate, 17; his quarrel with his brother Mascezel, ib.; defeat by Mascezel and death, 20.
GILIMER, Gothic leader, killed in the
assault of Rome by Ricimer, iv. 293. GIRAFFE, the, i. 231, note. GISULF, nephew of Alboin, first duke of Friuli, v. 350.
GIUBIN, or Choubeen, surname of Bah- ram, v. 369 and note M. GLADIATORS, revolt of, under Probus, ii. 50; when abolished, iv, 40 and 41, note S,
GLADSTONE, Mr., tax on successions, i. 299, note S. GLASS, windows, a luxury, ii. 27, note; not unknown to the Romans, iv. 76, notes M. and S.
GLYCERIUS made emperor of the West by Gundobald, iv. 294; resigns the sceptre for the bishopric of Salona, ib.; assassinates Nepos, 295; made archbishop of Milan, ib. GNOSTICS, tenets of the, ii. 161; held the Mosaic dispensation to have been superseded by Christianity, 162; their sophistry adopted by the most learned of the Fathers, ib.; mostly Gentiles, 163; derived many of their tenets from Oriental philosophy, ib.; various sects of, 164; success, ib.; rejected the received gospels, ib. GODS, pagan, and their worshippers, quarrels between, iii. 211. GODAS, governor of Sardinia, revolts from Gelimer, Vandal king of Africa, v. 99.
GODEGESIL, brother of Gundobald, king
of the Burgundians, deserts to Clovis, iv. 355; massacred by Gundobald, ib.
GODESCAL, one of the leaders of the first
GODFREY of Bouillon, leader of the first crusade, history and character of, vii. 196; treaty with Carloman, king of Hungary, 202; menaces Con- stantinople, 205; adopted by Alexius Comnenus, 206; torn by a bear, 214; wonderful sword stroke, 216 and note; elected defender and baron of the holy sepulchre, 228; reign, ib.; composes the Assize of Jerusa- lem, 232.
GOG and Magog, famous rampart of, described, v. 88 and note; Hun- garians mistaken for, vii. 69 and note S.
GOLDEN HORN, harbour of Constanti- nople, why so called, ii. 289.
GOLDEN MOUNTAINS, v. 173 and note M.
GOLDEN SPEARS, army of Chosroes II., so called, v. 405.
GOM, a small grain, food of the Min- grelians, v. 194.
GONFANON, or Greek imperial standard, vii. 310 and note.
GONTHARIS seizes the throne of Car- thage, v. 212; assassinated by Ar- taban, ib. 213, note.
GORDIAN, proconsul of Africa, i. 310; family and character, 311; magnifi- cence, ib.; declared emperor with his son, 312; character of the latter, ib.; their election ratified by the se- nate, 314; their deaths, 315. GORDIAN III., declared Cæsar, i. 317; date, 318, note S.; sole emperor, 324; virtues, ib. ; Persian war, 325; murdered, 326; sepulchre, ib. note. GORGO, or Carizme, residence of the king of the White Huns, 313. GOTHINI probably spoke Galician, not Gallican, i. 352, note S. GоTHS, first appearance of, i. 374; Scandinavian origin, 375; that theory examined, ib. note S.; whether Ge- tæ, ib.; distinct from the Swedes, 376; religion, ib.; Asiatic origin, 377, note S.; emigration into Prus- sia, 378; subdivisions of, ib. ; whence denominated Ostro and Visi, ib. notes; second migration, 379; invade the Roman provinces, 382; defeat Decius, 383; obtain a tribute from Gallus, 387; defeated by Emilia- nus, ib.; their incursions over the Danube, 395; settle in the Ukraine, ib.; and Bosphorus, 396; naval ex- peditions in the Euxine, ib.; take Trebizond, 397; ravage Pontus, ib.; take Chalcedon and plunder Bithy- nia, 398; pass the Hellespont, 399; ravage Greece and threaten Italy, 400; divisions and retreat, 401; con- founded with the Scythians, ib.; attempt Thessalonica, ii. 6; defeated by Claudius, 7; conflict and treaty with Aurelian, 11; believed them- selves descended from the Getæ, 12; invade Illyricum, 144; repulsed and chastised by Constantine, ib.; invade Mœsia, 360; repulsed by Constantine, ib.; Gibbon's err meous
account of his defeat; ib. note M.; further defeat of the, 361; implore peace, ib.; assist the revolt of Pro- copius, 284; subdued by Valens, ib. ; supported by Hermanric, 285; war with Valens, ib. ; defeat and submis- sion, 286; precipitated on the western provinces of Rome by the Huns, 294; Visigoths defeated on the Dniester by the Huns, 318; implore the protec- tion of Valens, 319; who assigns them settlements in Thrace, 320; they cross the Danube, 321; their numbers, ib.; elude the condition imposed by Valens of surrendering their arms, 322; the Ostrogoths are refused a passage by Valens, ib. ; rapacity of Lupicinus and Maximus, 323; discontent of the Visigoths, ib. ; the Ostrogoths force the passage of the Danube, 324; rupture between the Visigoths and Romans, 325; they defeat Lupicinus near Marcianopolis, 326; ravage Thrace, ib. ; are joined by a band of their countrymen from Hadrianople, 327; fruitless siege of that city, ib.; battle of Salices, 329; ravage the country between the Da- nube and Hellespont, 330; alliance between the Visigoths and Ostro- goths, ib.; joined by the Huns, Alani, &c., 331; overthrow Valens at Hadrianople, 335; besiege that city, 338; appear before Constanti- nople, 339; repulsed by a body of Arabs, ib.; spread themselves to the Adriatic, ib.; Gothic youth massa- cred in Asia, 341; their disorder and discord after the death of Fritigern, 349; Athanaric's army enlists under Theodosius, 350; final capitulation of the Visigoths, ib. ; the Ostrogoths, after various migrations, return in greater force, 351; fatal attempt to cross the Danube, ib; accept set- tlements in Thrace and Phrygia, 352; serve under the Romans, with the name of Foederati, 353; their hostile and treacherous feeling, 354; two parties under Fravitta and Priulf, their deadly feud, 355; revolt of after the death of Theodosius, iv. 23; they cross the Danube and threaten Constantinople, ib.; ravage Greece under the conduct of Alaric, 25, sq.; invade Italy, 31; join the standard of Radagaisus, 45; Gib-
bon's statement limited, ib. note S. besiege Rome, 90; second siege, 97; third siege and sack, 101; their mo- deration and religious feeling, 102; singular example of, 104; their oc- cupation of Italy, 111; march into Gaul, 113; marriage gifts of the Visigoths, 115 and note; Gothic treasures, ib. and note S.; subdue the barbarians in Spain, 128; their settle- ments in Aquitain, ib.; styled from their moderation guests of the Romans, 130; Ostrogoths subdued by Attila, 196; settle in Pannonia, 248; Visi- goths acquire Narbonne, 287; checked by Ægidius, ib.; conversion of the Goths to Christianity, 322; con- verted from Arianism, 337; Visi- goths converted, 340; Visigoths of Spain protected by Theodoric the Great, 361; lose Aquitain, ib.; Os- trogoths of Italy resign Arles and Marseilles to the Franks, 362; Visi- goths of Spain, code of, 385 and note; Ostrogoths threaten Constan- tinople, v. 3; sell their reconcilia- tion and fidelity, ib.; cruelties in Thrace, 5; invade Italy, 8; their condition and manners in that coun- try, 12; colony of Goths in the Crimea, 82 and note; evacuate Pan- nonia and Noricum, 165; of Italy, revolt of after the recall of Belisarius, v. 214; their kingdom in Italy over- thrown by Narses, 236; sentiments of the Goths towards Rome, viii. 273.
GOSPELS, orthodox, rejected by the Gnostic sects, ii. 164; how and when composed, 206 and 207, note M.; whether altered by the Christians, 216, notes.
GOVERNMENT, civil, its origin, i. 360; absolute, contrary to nature, iii. 129, note. GRANARIES, public, under Severus, L 259, note.
GRASSES, artificial, i. 190.
GRATIAN, count, father of Valentinian, his merit and services, iii. 233. GRATIAN, son of Valentinian I. and Severa, associated in the purple by his father, iii. 291; married to Con- stantia, grand-daughter of Constan- tine, ib.; accepts Valentinian II., son of Justina, as associate in the empire, 292; chastises the Alemanni, 332;
valour, 333; learns the death of Valens, 342; appoints Theodosius emperor of the East, ib. ; virtues and defects of Gratian, 356; passion for hunting, 357; fondness for the Alani, 358; deserted by his soldiers on the approach of Maximus, 360; flight and death, ib.; bewailed by the orthodox clergy, 363; rejected the pontificate, 408; Gibbon's date corrected, ib. note S.; removed the statue of Victory from the senate, ib. GRATIAN, elected emperor by the British legions, iv. 54; put to death, ib.
GREECE Overrun by the Goths, i. 400; furnishes a fleet to Licinius, ii. 146; cities of, relieved and restored by Julian, iii. 131; ravaged by Alaric, iv. 25; reduced by the Turks, viii. 180.
GREEK CHURCH, first symptoms of dis- cord with the Latin, iii. 75; its supine superstition, vii. 46; schism of, 278; discipline of how different from the Latin, 279; schism of con- firmed by the reign of the Latins at Constantinople, 347; its union with and obedience to the Latin church effected by Michael Palæologus, 373; union dissolved, 375; articles of debate with the Latins at the council of Florence, viii. 100; reunion with the Latin church, 103; acts of union, ib. note; fresh schism, 122. GREEK CITIES in Asia, i. 339 and note. GREEK COLONIES in Italy, i. 157. GREEK LITERATURE studied by the Romans, i. 175; revival of, vii. 39. GREEK LANGUAGE and characters, use of by the Arabians in the public ac- counts abolished, vi. 378; language, established as the legal tongue in the Byzantine empire, vii. 38; state of at Constantinople in the fourteenth century, viii. 105; glossaries of bar- barisms, ib. and note; Leo Pilatus, first professor of, at Florence, 110; Manuel Chrysoloras, second pro- fessor, 111; vicious pronunciation of, 114 and note; study of, when intro- duced at Oxford, 117, note; first Greek book, when printed, 118, note. GREEKS, their influence in the East, i. 175; their jealousy of Oriental science, vi. 404; their aversion for the Latins, vii. 278, 282; dissatisfied VOL. VIII.
with their presence at Constanti- nople, 307; massacre the Latins, 329.
GREENS, faction of the Hippodrome, persecuted by the Blues, v. 50; mas- sacre of, 55.
GREGORIAN CODE, v. 271 and note S. GREGORY NAZIANZEN, studies at Athens with Julian, ii. 395, note; his character of the latter, and pre- diction, ib.; eloquence of, iii. 38; laments the discords of the Chris- tians, 96; his invectives against Julian, 136, notes; account of, 365; presented to the wretched see of Sasima by his friend Basil, 366; becomes bishop of Nazianzus, ib.; accepts the mission of Constantinople, ib.; dangers and adventures at, 367; success of his preaching, ib.; placed on the archiepiscopal throne by Theodosius in person, 368; his re- signation, retirement, and death, 372.
GREGORY of Nyssa, his account of the
Christians of Pontus, ii. 208, notes. GREGORY the Great, pope, receives the ambassadors and presents of Recared, king of Spain, iv. 340; exhorts queen Theodelinda to propagate the Nicene faith among her subjects, ib.; his enmity to classic genius, v. 357; believed to have mutilated statues and burned the Palatine library, ib.; birth and history, 358; pontificate, 359; extent of his spiritual jurisdic- tion, ib.; his church music and pompous ceremonies, 360; converts the Anglo-Saxons, ib. ; the last pope made a saint, 361; temporal go- vernment, estates, and alms, ib.; political conduct, 362; saves Rome from the Lombards, ib.; base flattery of Phocas, 386.
GREGORY II., pope, his insolent letters to the emperor Leo in defence of image worship, vi. 146; excites the revolt of Italy, 148. GREGORY III., pope, implores the pro- tection of Charles Martel against the Lombards, vi. 154 and note M. GREGORY VII., pope, reforms the cor- ruptions of the papacy, vi. 184; his ambitious projects, ib.; besieged by the emperor Henry III. vii. 128; Lives of, ib. notes; delivered by Robert Guiscard, 129; retires tc
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