that termed 'pinning and holding,' which was to seize the bull by the muzzle and not leave it'; the bull's nose being his most tender part, he was, when seized by it, rendered helpless. The bull in fighting naturally lowers his head to use his horns, and was often provided with a hole in which to bury his nose; some veterans (game' bulls), not so indulged, would scrape one for themselves. It was therefore necessary for the dog to keep his own head close to the ground, or, as it was termed, to 'play low'; the larger dogs were obliged to crawl on their bellies to avoid being above the bull's horns; hence the smallest dog of the kind capable of accomplishing the object required was selected, it being useless to sacrifice large dogs when smaller and more active, though equally courageous, animals answered the purpose better. The dog found to be the best suited to the requirements, and actually used by our ancestors until the cessation of bull-baiting, was from 14in. to 18in. high, weighing 40lb. or 50lb., very broad, muscular, and compact, as shown in pictures still extant, notably in an engraving dated 1734, from a picture by Morland, of three Bulldogs of exactly the same type as that of the purest bred dogs of the present day-Crib and Rosa (1817), Lucy (1834) Mr. Howard and his Pets,' 'The Bull Loose, and others.

On the suppression of bull-baiting by Act of Parliament in the early part of the last century, the Bulldog lost its peculiar occupation, but was preserved from extinction in the families of some of its admirers, and bred in all its purity."

For a man or a woman the Bulldog as we know him to-day is an ideal companion. His size is not obtrusive, as with St. Bernards, Great Danes, and Newfoundlands, nor is he noisily inclined, as are the various types of Terriers. Cleanliness can easily be inculcated into his mind. Furthermore, he is to be trusted with children, and, if healthy, is as active a little dog as any of his weight in the land, and equal to any walk that his master can perform.

On account of its evil associations in the dark days, the Bulldog was for a long time under a cloud so far as popularity was concerned and it was not until the fanciers of the early sixties seriously took it in hand that it emerged therefrom. The emergence, however, was gradual, and many years elapsed before the breed was raised to anything like the status that it has enjoyed in latter years. At first its patrons were largely of the middle and working classes, and to these pioneers really belong the credit for making the breed. Exhibitions and the spirit of friendly rivalry they engendered soon. began to tell, although many of the sharp practices that almost invariably follow in the train of an enhanced market value were prevalent to a marked degree. Gradually the breed got into better hands, and the notorious and sometimes cruel practices that were

resorted to in order to deceive the unwary were reduced to a minimum. To-day the Bulldog enjoys a popularity undreamt of by the old-time fancier, and prices that in the sixties would have been laughed to scorn, had they been suggested as within the range of probability, have been touched. Nor in these days, as in times gone by, is the breed kept solely by men: women have espoused its cause with a zeal that would have done credit to the most enthusiastic of its early supporters, and they have, moreover, met with a considerable share of success.

Of the pioneers of the breed as a show dog mentioned must be made of Mr. Jacob Lamphier (whose King Dick is regarded, and rightfully, as one of the chief pillars of the Stud Book), Mr. F. Lamphier, Mr. Tom Turton, Mr. G. W. Richards, Mr. Rockstro, Mr. J. W. Berrie, Mr. S. Wickens. Later came Mr. Robert Fulton (whose name perhaps is more familiar now as a pigeon breeder), Mr. James Hinks, Mr. C. H. Layton, Mr. Jack Henshall, Mr. Bill George, Mr. F. Redmond, Mr. S. E. Shirley, Mr. Rust, Mr. D. S. Oliver, Mr. Harding Cox, Mr. E. W. Jaquet, Mr. W. H. Ford, Mr. S. Woodiwiss, Mr. W. H. Sprague, Mr. Jack Ellis, Mr. George Raper, Mr. Beresford Hope, Mr. Benjamin, Mr. Cyril Jackson, Mr. Pybus Sellon, Mr. W. J. Pegg, Mr. C. S. Chaundler, Mr. R. G. S. Mann, and a host of others. To enumerate all those who have played their parts in the regeneration of the breed would occupy too great a space, particularly as such information is accessible in a permanent form in the very excellent Stud Books associated with the names of Messrs. Bowers and Jackson, in the Kennel Club Stud Books, and in the monumental monograph of the breed written by Mr. Edgar Farman. Similarly, no good purpose would be served by referring by name to the dogs that in their different periods flourished as typical representatives.

In connection with the Bulldog, the old print of Crib and Rosa is so often spoken of that brief reference to it is called for, more especially as until the last few years it was allowed to stand in the descriptions of the breed. The dogs depicted in the print were in their day supposed to embody all that was typical. Now, however representative the two famous Bulldogs were in the day when Mr. Sam Wickens ("Philo Kuon") drew up his description, they certainly cannot truthfully be regarded as typical of the Bulldog of the last few decades.

As to whether the fancier has improved the breed constitutionally is a moot point. Type has certainly been made more uniform; but this in many cases has been at the expense of other qualities. The Bulldog of old was a far more active dog than his modern prototype, and no one who witnessed the ten-mile walking match in which the very typical Dockleaf and King Orry figured is likely to forget the fiasco in which it ended so far as the former was concerned.

Once it was thought that when the law stepped in and put an end to dog-fighting and bull-baiting and the other innocent amusements of our forefathers, the breed of Bulldogs would speedily become extinct, and so, as a matter of fact, the fighting type of dog did, but his descendant (whom some are pleased to call degenerate) is now one of the most popular dogs of the day, and his popularity is on the increase.

The novice who sets out to buy a Bulldog for the first time in his life has a difficult task before him. From a show point of view, no breed is so prolific in "wasters," and in no breed are really excellent specimens so scarce. If the novice desires to possess a dog, let him buy one at a comparatively early age from six to ten months. He should look out for a big-skulled youngster with plenty of bone, a short back, a straight or cranked tail, carried straight downwards, a wide, massive chest, supported on sturdy, straight legs. On no account must the fore legs be bandy, as he may imagine they should be. The hindquarters, compared with the massive front of the dog, should be fine, or slightly made, so that the body, seen from above, bears a distinct resemblance to a pear.

In the head lies most of a Bulldog's strongest points. First, the skull should be exceedingly large in comparison with the size of his body, it should be flat above the temples; the eyes, large, round, and very dark in colour, showing none of the whites when the dog is looking straight forward. The nose, which should be black and large, is set back, well "on top" rather than in front of the face this, by fanciers, is called "lay-back"; a dog deficient in lay-back is called "down-faced," which means that there is too great a distance from the tip of the nose to the "stop," or deep indentation in the skull between the eyes. The under-jaw must project well in advance of the upper, so that the dog is considerably undershot-this, in fanciers' parlance, is the "turn up," which is one of the most important of the many necessary characteristics. A dog with a poor, receding under jaw is "froggy," or "frog-faced." The teeth should be strong and even, and, says the standard of the Bulldog Club, "must be completely covered by the flews, or chop, when the mouth is closed"; but with all deference to the compilers of this standard, the exhibition of the canine teeth is no serious fault; some prefer that they should be visible, and it certainly gives a more formidable and characteristic appearance to the dog. The ears are of the utmost importance, though the large increase in bad-eared dogs proves that proper attention is not being paid to this very necessary point. The ear must be fine in texture, very small, and of the shape known as "rose." Bat or tulip-that is, upstanding-ears and buttoned ears are serious objections. As a guide to the novice, Fig. 85 is given. points that a good Bulldog cannot possess.

It shows all the head One ear is shown of

the bat shape, the other buttoned; the nose is too long (or downfaced), and the under-jaw weak and receding (froggy). The eyes show too much of the white, and the face is tight-skinned and without wrinkle.

No dog is more deceptive than the Bulldog. His strong, muscular, heavy-boned frame and sturdy appearance suggest a dog of almost unlimited powers of endurance, and it is hard to realise that he is one of the most delicate of all the canine creation. His poor constitution is entirely due to the inbreeding that has been practised for generations. The purpose of this has been to secure and perpetuate certain desirable points, otherwise impossible to establish permanently. And the points have been secured, but at the cost of a delicate and degenerate constitution.

There was nothing delicate about the old-fashioned fighting dog

Button

car

Bat ear.

Down Faced

Frog Faced

FIG. 85.-HEAD OF BULLDOG, SHOWING UNDESIRABLE POINTS.

-no one cared for his points so long as he was courageous and full of fire and go. In those days the breeder's object was to mate a fighting dog to a fighting bitch, and the result was a progeny remarkable for toughness and hardiness. But nowadays the Bulldog must be almost as carefully guarded and protected from the weather as the most delicate and pampered Toy. The tub and wisp of straw is no home for him; a Terrier can live and thrive and bring up families in such a home, but not so the Bulldog. His house must be carefully planned, well made, of stout material able to resist the weather; he must never be exposed to the dangers arising from damp and insanitary conditions. He must have air without draughts, and sunshine without heat, for heat is his worst enemy, and more fatal to him even than cold and wet.

Many kennels have been designed and placed on the market,

and the man whose purse will allow him cannot do better than write to one or other of the many kennel appliance manufacturers for a price-list, and make his purchase, secure in the knowledge that he is buying the best thing possible and getting good value for his money. But there are many who are compelled to seek some cheaper substitute, and there is no reason why a thoroughly practical and useful kennel of fair dimensions should not be made for a little more than a sovereign by a man capable of the simpler branches of carpentry. Despite all that has been said against it, a wood flooring is infinitely preferable to one of concrete, provided the wooden floors are easily removable for cleansing.

Fig. 86 shows the front and end elevation of the kennel and run, Fig. 87 the ground-plan, and Fig. 88 gives a view of the interior of the kennel. It will be seen that the kennel consists of two

distinct compartments-an inner one, in which the bed is placed, and an outer one, open at the front, for use as a run. A small trapdoor with a sliding panel allows the dog to pass from the inner to the outer run. His bed, placed at the back of the kennel, is well out of the reach of draughts, and the window in the door must be sufficiently large to lighten the inner compartment thoroughly in the day-time. The floors are made of in. planed boards, neatly joined, and with no crevices for dirt to accumulate in. The floor of the outer run is made in three pieces, each 2ft. wide by 4ft. long, the floor of the inner compartment in two pieces, each 15in. wide by 4ft long. When in position the ends rest upon the lower framing of the kennel, and as the sections are not large they can be easily lifted and carried out through the doorways. The floors need not be removed for cleaning purposes more than once a fortnight if they are kept covered with a liberal sprinkling of sawdust, which must be swept out every day and fresh