guarded against; the imported diseases die out, or are fended off by quarantine. Typhus, it is true, has appeared in the towns, but must eventually succumb to sanitary regulations. Snakes and bush fires are accidents new to Europeans; but these may be ranked as equivalents for the fires and mischances of our native land.

Employment is the natural result of these physical advantages, and the prospect of it is enlarged by the fact of prior settlement. Our precursors write a welcome upon the gates of every harbour, Enter in and possess;' other men have laboured, the pioneers are still at work, and we may cheerfully enter into their labours, and become sharers of the spoil. This is no vain boast; the land is already subdued; thousands of acres wave with barley, maize, and wheat; orchards are laden with the apple, almond, fig, mulberry, peach, nectarine, pomegranate, orange, lemon, citron, and the grape; and gardens bloom. As passing specimens, fields exist which have been cropped with wheat for twenty years without exhaustion; one orange grove on the Paramatta river is rented at £300 a year; a vineyard of ten acres, at Port Macquarie, has yielded 6660 gallons of wine; another on the Hunter has returned 1000 gallons to the acre; the flower shows of Sydney are elegant and choice. The pastoral occupations of these colonies are their pride and wealth; there are cattle upon a thousand hills; the axe is heard in the forest, the spindle and the shuttle in the town. Here is employment; but we advance. There are quays, shops, warehouses, and stores; timber, clay, stone, marble, coal, and copper, are wrought; there are brass and iron founderies, smithies and manufactories of steam engines, agricultural implements and machines; ship-building exists and advances; the whale boats of New South Wales are unmatched in the world. But where shall we stop a single glance at commerce will complete the sketch; the white wing of the swift ships and the iron arm of steam are breasting the waters, and the helm is up for the friendly lighthouse or the favourite port; the harbours of Sydney, Adelaide, Melbourne, and Geelong swarm with a mosquito fleet from the coast, and the giant navies of distant regions cast anchor there. They come from India, China, and the whaling grounds, and still they come; from America, New Zealand, Tasmania, Polynesia, Mauritius, the Cape, France, Germany, Sweden, and, above all, from Great Britain. There is employment in its most varied form and in its fullest scope. A dry catalogue like the foregoing proves a demand for labour, and insures a mart for capital. Tyre, Venice, Genoa, and Arcadia, are revived on the new continent, and call for the mariners whose cry is in their ships, and for shepherds, and herdsmen, and arti

sans. These generals include particulars which may be easily developed, such as the requirements for domestic economy, tuition, and embellishment. They plainly tell of servants, labourers, builders, teachers, performers, artists, lawyers, physicians, and divines. These are the multifarious wants of a civilised community, and three such communities exist in the three Australias.

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Civilization is a potent word; it includes government and religion nor need we retract it, for in each province there is a vigorous executive, and religion is on a par with its development at home. A Samoan chief gazed on Sydney; he was oppressed with a crowd of people and a mass of houses shutting out nature; he looked apathetically on a review of a regiment of soldiers; but when he visited the new gaol at Darlinghurst he broke out in admiration, 'Here is a terrible evidence of power; it is thus you secure order; you are a great people.' Another thinker might fix his attention upon numerous places of worship, and a decorous Sabbath; and any thoughtful man may, according to his taste, select, as an exponent of power and progress, the following particulars which already exist-the delegates assembled in the colonial legislature; races and race-courses in every important town; hospitals, lunatic asylums, courts of law, asylums for the poor; public and private schools, libraries, mechanics' institutes; and in Sydney a university, with wellpaid professors and an admirable curriculum. The ministers of religion are entitled to high place; many of them would be men of consideration in their native land; some of the astronomers, geologists, botanists, and anatomists of Australia possess a world-wide fame. In one word, Australia is a true Colonia. Although not founded on the Greek model, the institutions of the mother country, both civil and religious, are reflected there. This is the earnest of indefinite advancement.

Australia, therefore, is the lode-star of emigration. But let us pause. Emigration must not be a torrent rapid and tumultuous, lest it destroy as it proceeds. The labour market fluctuates, and injury may ensue, although but for a season, by a too sudden supply. The entrances to an empty theatre may be choked by a crowd; and so the vacant spaces in this gigantic Colosseum may remain a hopeless void from too great a crush at the gates. Prudence dictates an even flow, and then it may be perennial. The transportationists are silenced, and we will not raise their ghosts; but let the advocates of Asiatic labour beware. Should their creed become paramount, British emigration will receive a check. Quality, as well as quantity, is to be considered, and proportionate number is also to be kept in view. We have no sympathy with the Coolie and Chinese

schemes. Let California, rebellious against the Chinese irruption, operate as a warning. The low fed and poorly paid Asiatic can be brought in by shoals until the colony is swamped, and what will be the result? A huge and obscene male population, a contest of races, and the oppression, perhaps the enslavement, of the weak. Does not America teach us a lesson ! It cannot be forgotten that the most savage tribes of the most savage islands were introduced, with all their cannibal propensities, in the year 1847; but happily, to the confusion of the avaricious men who had cajoled them under the promise of a visit to new lands. Are such glaring outrages to be repeated? We trust not. Such schemes are as unpatriotic as they are purblind and vile. There is legal power to inflict this wrong; then let the public voice be raised against it-determinedly raised, and raised at once.

Emigration should be free, clean, and strong. By this statement of general principles we exclude convictism, the exuviæ of which are now nearly absorbed in the soil, and Irish orphans, with dirt and misery conjoined, and enfeebled paupers, whether male or female. Solemnly do we echo the voice of the great Australian league against transportation; it must not be continued, even to Van Diemen's Land, for the culprit will soon find his way to Victoria; and we are happy to hear rumours of its being utterly abolished to these regions. It may have had its use in the first stages of colonization, but now it will prove a curse. Spontaneous emigration is the only desirable form; 'the shovelling out of paupers,' as it is termed with more force than euphony, is therefore to be deprecated. Parishes undoubtedly consult self-interest in sending out their poor, and the poor themselves are greatly benefited; but there is danger of coercion being employed which would destroy the energy of the man afterwards, and might thus prevent the improvement of his condition. The insolence of mendicancy would, in such case, usurp the place of freedom. Pauper women also are apt to abandon an honest livelihood for that which, in the case of females, is emphatically called a dishonest one. The seeds of corruption sown in the workhouse, grow up rank, and bear pernicious fruit. The best policy of the parishes is to help men before they become paupers. A loan will, in general, be gratefully repaid; and where several aids are granted, the average returns will leave a large balance in favour of the parish against the actual cost of the impoverishment caused by neglect. A contract to repay an additional sum for interest will be a good insurance for loss occasioned by defaulters.

Next comes bounty emigration. But this has its attendant

evils; the labourer has too much done for him, and instead of being thrifty to return the money expended on his passage, mess, and outfit, he is prone to waste his sudden affluence in riotous living. While men remained ignorant of the advantages of emigration, something was required to tempt them forth; but now that these advantages are notorious, and a glittering prize is held forth on the other side, it is probable this form of emigration will gradually cease. Loans from benevolent friends, and from societies, and the assistance of emigration clubs, come next in order, and in a higher scale of value. The praiseworthy exertions of Mrs. Chisholm have proved the fact that persons will save to obtain the means of going abroad, and that a little help will call all their energies into action; and further, that such loans are repaid. The Family Colonization Society is a step in the right direction. Such assistance does not diminish self-respect; it awakens honour; it cherishes gratitude toward a benefactor. Unassisted emigration is the best of all, for then the adventurer has already embarked his capital in the enterprise, and will summon every power to ensure a profitable return; there is no drawback to the glory of his success. Emigration is good in proportion as it is free in action, cleanly in habit, pure in morals, and vigorous in mind or limb, and becomes pre-eminently beneficial as these qualifications are consolidated by patience, perseverance, and a right good-will.

And now for the reward. It is direct and immediate to the moral lusty labourer. Employment of all kinds is ready for him, and full remuneration. One specimen will illustrate a class. William W- was a poor man in Gloucestershire, broken down by hardship and anxiety. His spirited wife said she would work for both if he would but try Australia; they sold a patrimonial cottage, received a little help from benevolent neighbours, and started to behold the sea for the first time, and to brave its dangers. Thus was evoked in their humble hearts the spirit of Columbus, as he ventured to seek a new world. Arrived at Sydney, the wife obtained an engagement before she left the ship. The husband rallied under the enlivening climate; they soon worked in concert; anon they found themselves possessors of a horse and cart, purchased by their own earnings; and again they put forth new energies, cleared a piece of ground, and built a cottage. They were religious people: that cottage became a Sunday school and a house of prayer. God prospered them, and in six years William, leaning over the side of his cart, and addressing a member of the Legislative Council, who had just drawn up in his gig, gave his sentiments on emigration in these words :-'You may tell the people of

England this is the country for the poor man.' A place of worship is now built near William's cottage.

Above the class of absolutely poor men will be found the artisan who discerns a cloud gathering over his waning day, menacing a storm and premature darkness before the journey of life is done. His timely departure will probably secure present comfort and a peaceful age; his horizon clears as he travels, and Hesperus prolongs his twilight, and ushers in his night. His children may rise up to call him blessed. He need not care for his original trade; he may embrace some other occupation, and earn bread enough and to spare; and what does it matter to him that he has ceased to be a jeweller or a gunsmith to become a shepherd or a farmer? he is every way a gainer by the exchange.

There is room also for a numerous class in our middle ranks, who are always verging toward poverty. Their efforts to rise above the slough only plunge them the more deeply in the mire. These know what the battle of life is; they are at perpetual warfare with depressing circumstances, a diminishing capital, and increasing competition. They are like charioteers compelled to drive on along a filament of road; to stop is deathto proceed is perilous-to turn impossible-they must rush forward, although it be to dare their ruin. From the same middle class proceed the host of clerks and shopmen. Their name is legion. The colonies are often overstocked with such, and they too frequently tempt abroad the miseries endured at home. But this is not a necessary result. If they will but quit their sedentary occupations and become shepherds and stockmen, they reverse the wheel of fortune. Take that pitiable object, a lawyer's clerk; if he perversely stick to the desk, why he must take his poor pittance, and remain an unfortunate nobody; but if he leave the city for the bush, the melancholy wight and his equally woe-begone wife may save a clear twenty pounds a-year, and enjoy good living into the bargain. He must turn his little learning to account, and be schoolmaster to his children, and the woman must teach housewifery to the girls, and by the time the children are put forth in life the parents may command a flock or an herd, and end their days with the ease and dignity of patriarchal life—a consummation never to be attained by the mere lawyer's clerk. The same illustration will do for other clerks, and for shopmen. And the bright point of the picture is, that the single man under his expanding prospects may marry, and look forward to a thriving and healthful progeny. From the same middle class issue forth the ruined tradesman, merchant, manufacturer, and