are relatively hurtful, which we are provoked to destroy. In this sense it is permitted to destroy others in order to save one's self; in this sense destruction is not only permitted and exercised by justice, but it is even rewarded and considered as a virtue. On the contrary, whenever this faculty destroys what ought not to be destroyed some abuse takes place; for example, in murdering and assassinating man, or in setting fire to houses, &c. "This faculty then produces the propensity to destroy, in geral, without determining the object to be destroyed, or the manner of destroying it." P. 389. The seat of this organ is on the side of the head immediately above the ears. 7. Organ of Constructiveness. "Gall observed that those who had a particular disposition to mechanical arts presented a face of somewhat parallel form, that is, a face as large at the temples as the cheeks; consequently that a greater disposition to mechanical arts is indicated by the developement of the brain at the temples. He found this sign in great mechanicians, architects, sculptors, and designers. The skulls of animals which build, and those of others which do not build, present a remarkable difference at the place where this organ is situated; for instance, the skulls of rabbits and of hares. It is known that rabbits build burrows, while hares, which in general resemble rabbits, lie in the field. In the beaver, marmot, fieldmouse &c. this organ is distinctly expressed. of me "A certain skull is preserved at Rome which is said to be the skull of Raphael. There exists some doubt of its reality. Professor Schell, of Copenhagen, brought a cast of it in plaster to Gall, and asked him his opinion relative to this skull. Gall answered that three organs were very considerable: that the organ chanical arts was more developed than he had ever seen it before, and that the organ of imitation, and that of physical love, were very large. Gall possesses the skull of a milliner of Vienna, who had a good taste, and understood perfectly to change the forms of her merchandises. In this skull the organ in question is promi nent. "Adversaries of our doctrine may ridicule a comparison between Raphael, a milliner, and a field-mouse. They may laugh at a doctrine which, as they conclude, attributes to a similar organ the sublime conceptions of Raphael, the pretty productions of a milliner, and the inartificial habitation of a field-mouse. But does not the sloth creep by means of organs similar to those by means of which the horse can gallop or the roe run? Does not the ass cry by the organs by means of which a Catalani sings? It is indeed true that this faculty alone does not produce the sublime conceptions of Raphael, but it was essential to the execution of their objects." P. 390. It seems then that this faculty extends the sphere of its activity to the performance of every act to which the term construction is capable of being applied, from the excavation of a rabbit's burrow to the most exquisite specimen of mechanism that Bolton ever displayed. 3. Organ of Covetiveness.-Dr. Spurzheim says, "According to all that I have observed, in comparing animals and man with respect to the functions of this faculty, it seems to me, that the special faculty of this organ is the propensity to gather and acquire-to covet-without determining the object to be acquired or the manner of acquiring it. This faculty gives a desire for all that pleases: money, property, animals, servants, land, cattle, or any thing upon the earth. This faculty produces egotism and selfishness. Persons endowed with this faculty in a very high degree will never forget themselves. But the objects. they desire, and their manner of acquiring, whether by gaming, commerce, industry, or stealing, depend on the influence of all the other faculties." P. 400. There is a wonderful coincidence of argument between Dr. Spurzheim and the "Capitaine Rolando," when the latter is desirous of emancipating Gil Blas from his former prejudices, and to accommodate his conscience to the scenes which he beholds in the cavern of the robbers. « Tu vas, mon enfant, poursuivit il, mener ici une vie bien agréable; car je ne te crois pas assez sot pour te faire une peine d'être avec des voleurs. He! voit-on d'autres gens dans le monde? Non, mon ami, tous les hommes aiment s'approprier le bien d'autrui. C'est un sentiment général. La maniere seule en est differente. Les conquérans, par exemple, s'emparent des etats de leurs voisins. Les personnes de qualité empruntent, et ne rendent point. Les Banquiers, Les Trésoriérs, Agens de change commis, et tous les marchands tant gros que petits, ne sont pas fort scrupuleux." This organ then is that which, under due control, disposes a man to make necessary provision, and to acquire objects of lawful gain. The abuse of the same propensity constitutes theft. No fact however is adduced to justify the locality which is given to the organ. Among many instances of a passionate propensity for thieving, which have been collected by our author, in confirmation of his opinion, that the faculty is innate, there are two more extraordinary than the rest. A certain thief, "whose propensity to steal was so energetic, that even when dying he stretched out his hand in order to steal the snuff-box of his confessor."-"The chaplain of a regiment in Prussia, a man of great intelligence and ability, could not avoid stealing handkerchiefs from the officers on parade. The command ing officer esteemed him much; but as soon as the chaplain made his appearance, all cabinets, presses, and cupboards were shut up; for he had carried off handkerchiefs, towels, shirts, and even women's stockings." This organ is said to be situated "at the temples, on the anterior inferior angle of the parietal bone." 9. Organ of Secretiveness.-The observations upon this organ are of such a nature as to be below legitimate criticism. GENUS 2.-Sentiments. The Organs of the sentiments are divided into those which are common to man and animals, and into those which are pecu liar to humanity. 10. Organ of Self Love. 11. Organ of Approbation. 13. Organ of Benevolence in Man and of Meekness in Animals. Concerning these four organs, which are said to produce the sentiments common to man and animals, we shall make no observation, and content ourselves with referring our readers to the plate, which marks their locality upon the skull. SENTIMENTS PECULIAR TO MAŃ. 14. Organ of Veneration.-It seems that when Dr. Gall goes to church, he, like many others, cannot abstract his mind from its favourite subject of speculation; nay, he even confesses that he goes to church for no other purpose than that of observing people's heads while they are occupied in the act of saying their prayers. Hence he discovered a peculiar conformation of head in those who manifested the greatest fervour of devotion, viz. an elevation of the middle and upper part of the cranium. We are told that the "pictures of the saints show the very configuration of those pious men whom Gall had first observed," and "that the head of Christ is always represented as very elevated." These coincidencies are very extraordinary. 15. Organ of Hope and Faith.-The supposed identity of religious hope and faith has induced our author to appropriate one and the same organ for their production. To our apprehensions however faith is often conversant about objects to which hope has no possible application. Faith, as it respects past events, whether they be of a religious nature or otherwise, is a simple assent of the mind, arising from the sufficiency of the evidence by which they are maintained. Faith, as it respects fu ture events, may be attended by hope or otherwise, according as 6 we we ourselves are interested in their completion. Whoever be lieves in Revelation must have the same degree of faith in the promises of eternal happiness, and in the threatenings of eternal misery. In the latter case hope has certainly no participation, and in the former it is the result and consequence of faith, without being in any way identified with it. In the mind of the Calvinist, who believed himself one of the reprobate, no man will contend for the identity of faith and hope. 16. Organ of Ideality.-By ideality our author means the common faculty of poets. 17. Organ of Righteousness.-This organ produces, "The sentiment of justice without determining what is just. Particular determinations as to justice depend upon the other faculties with which this sentiment is combined. A person who combines righteousness with some propensity of the lower order, calls just, what another person who possesses righteousness, combined with goodness or veneration, calls unjust.' " 18. Organ of Determinateness.-This organ is productive of firniness and constancy of character, a faculty which respects no particular object, and possesses no determinate and independent power of action, but contributes " to maintain the activity of the other faculties." ORDER II.-UNDERSTANDING OR INTELLECT. 4 GENUS 1.-Knowing Faculties. 19. Organ of Individuality.-Here it may be well to quote our author at some length for fear of misrepresenting what we do not entirely understand. "Persons endowed with this faculty in a high degree are attentive to all that happens around them, to every object, to every phenomenon, to every fact; hence also to motions. This faculty neither learns the qualities of objects, nor the detail of facts; it knows only their existence. The qualities of the objects, and the particularities of the phenomena, are known by the assistance of other organs. Besides, this faculty has knowledge of all internal faculties, and acts upon them. It wishes to know all by experience, consequently it puts every other organ in action; it wishes to hear, see, smell, taste and touch, to know all arts and sciences; it is fond of instruction, collects facts, and leads to practical knowJedge. "I call this faculty that of Individuality, because it knows not only the external world in general, but also each object in its individual capacity. This organ is early developed in children, because they are obliged to acquire knowledge of the external world. By this faculty, children are attentive to every object and fact, and and in a short time they make an immense number of observa tions." P. 430. 20. Organ of Form. 21. Organ of Size. 22. Organ of Weight. In these organs certain faculties are supposed to reside, which are auxiliary to the senses of touch and vision, and whose office it is to perfect the impressions made upon them by external objects. Dr. Spurzheim, having maintained that the ideas of form, and size, and weight, are obviously distinct, and that the faculties by which they are discriminated are different, and require separate organs for their production, proceeds, without a shadow.of reason, to place the organ of form in the inner angle of the orbit, and supposes that the organs of size and weight must be situated in the same neighbourhood. 23. Organ of Colour.-The faculty of this organ is auxiliary to the sense of vision. They who possess it are capable of being agreeably or disagreeably affected by the harmony or discord of colours. Without doubt there is such a faculty, which does not reside in the eye, and which bears no proportion to the perfection of the external sense, yet we require more proof than that vouchsafed by our author to convince us that its organ is seated in that portion of the brain which corresponds to the mid space of the arch of the eyebrows. 24. Organ of Space. This faculty is one of immense comprehension; it "Makes the traveller, geographer, landscape-painter; it recollects localities, judges of symmetry; it measures space and distance, and gives notions of perspective: it is the faculty of space in general. As soon as we have the conception of the existence of any body, and its qualities, it is necessary that it should occupy a place. This faculty conceives the places occupied by the external bodies. The pictures and busts of great astronomers, navigators, and geographers, as of Newton, Cooke, Columbus, &c. present a great developement of this organ." In plate xvi. at the end of the volume, we are presented with the head of Captain Cook, in which "the organ of space" will be found somewhat caricatured, when compared with an original painting in the possession of Sir Joseph Banks. Animals are said to be endowed with the same faculty, and it is supposed to be by its influence that dogs traverse immense tracts of country back to the home of their master, and that birds of passage emigrate and return at certain periods. Dr. Spurzheim however has forgot to inform us, whether the animals in which he thinks this faculty so remarkable possess any external mark of the organ appropriated |
