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358. Effects of the battle of Pavia, and captivity of Francis on
him, 371. Particulars of his embassy to Charles, 372. Concludes
a defensive alliance with France, 377. Is declared protector of the
league of Cognac against the emperor, 401. His motives for
assisting the pope against the emperor, 424. Enters into a league
with Francis, and renounces the English claim to the crown of
France, 425. Declares war against the emperor, 431. Concludes a
truce with the governess of the Low Countries, 435. Projects his
divorce from Catharine of Aragon, 445. Motives which withheld
the pope from granting it, 446. Acquiesces in the peace of Cam-
bray, 447. Sends a supply of money to the Protestant league in
Germany, vi, 11. Procures his marriage to be annulled by Cran-
mer, archbishop of Canterbury, 20. The divorce reversed by the
pope under penalty of excommunication, ibid. Renounces the papai
supremacy, ibid. Refuses to acknowledge any council called by the
pope, 34. Opposes James V. of Scotland marrying Mary of Guise,
83. His disgusts with Francis, and intercourse with the emperor,
94. Concludes a league with Charles, 143. Makes war with Scot-
land, 144. Particulars of his treaty with Charles, ibid. Invades
France, and invests Boulogne, 164. Refuses the emperor's plan of
operations, 167. Is deserted by the emperor, 170. Takes Boulogne,
171. His haughty proposals to Francis, ibid. Peace of Campe, 205.

Is succeeded by his son Edward VI. 244. A review of his policy,
509.
Hertford, earl of, plunders and burns Edinburgh, vi, 172. Joins Henry
after, in his invasions of France, ibid.

Hesse, the landgrave of, procures the restoration of his kinsman Ulric,
duke of Wurtemburgh, vi, 32. His views compared with those of
the clector of Saxony, 185 The emperor's deceitful professions to
him, 192. Quiets the apprehensions of the Protestant league with
regard to the emperor, ibid. Is appointed joint commander of the
army of the league with the elector of Saxony, 211. Their characters
compared, ibid. Urges an attack of the emperor, but is opposed by
the elector, 214. His letter to Maurice duke of Saxony, 221. The
army of the league dispersed, 224. Is reduced to accept harsh terms
from Charles, 262. His humiliating reception by the emperer, 264.
Is detained in confinement, 265. His offers of submission slighted by
the emperor, 287. Is carried by the emperor with him into the Nether-
lands, 290. Renews his endeavours for liberty, 307. Charles releases
arbitrarily the elector of Brandenburgh and Maurice from their en-
gagements to him, ibid. Is closely confined in the citadel of Mechlin,
308. Obtains his liberty by the treaty of Passau, 356. Is arrested by
the queen of Hungary, but freed by the emperor, 360. The effects of
his confinement on him, ibid.

Heuterus, his account of Lewis XII. shewn to contradict the relations
given by Bellay and other French historians, of the education of
Charles V. v, 183. note.

Holy Junta. See Junta.

League, against the emperor Charles V. formed at Cognac, under
the protection of Henry VIII. of England, v, 401.

Horuc, a potter's son of Lesbos, commences pirate with his brother
Hayradin, vi, 36. See Barbarossa.

Hungary is invaded by Solyman the Magnificent, and its king, Lewis II.
killed, v, 420. His successes, and the number of prisoners carried
away, ibid. The archduke Ferdinand elected king of, together with
Bohemia, 421. John Zapol Şcæpius wrests it from Ferdinand, vi, 122.

Stephen succeeds on the death of his father John, 123. Is treacher-
ously seized by Solyman, 125. See Isabellağand Martinuazi.

I

James V. of Scotland, levies troops to assist Francis in Provence, but his
intentions frustrated, vi. 83. His negociations for marriage with
Francis's daughter, ibid. Marries Mary of Guise, ibid. Dies, and
leaves Mary, his infant daughter, to succeed him, 144. See Mary.
Jesuits, the order of, by whom founded, v. 284. Character of that order,
ibid. Character of Ignatio Loyola, their founder, vi. 105. The order
confirmed by the pope, ibid. An examination into the constitution of
the order, 106. Office and power of their general, 107. The rapid
progress of the order, 110. Engage in trade, and establish an empire
in South America, 111. Bad tendency of the order, 112. Are re-
sponsible for most of the pernicious effects of popery since their insti-
tution, 113. Advantages resulting from their institution, ibid. Civi-
lizes the natives of Paraguay, 114. Their precautions for the inde-
pendency of their empire there, 116. How the particulars of their
government and institution came to be disclosed, 117. Summary of
their character, 118.

Indulgences, in the Romish church, the doctrine of, explained, v. 236.
By whom first invented, ibid. Martin Luther preaches against them,
240. Writes against them to Albert elector of Mentz, ibid. A bull
issued in favour of, 248. The sale of, opposed in Switzerland by
Zuinglius, 250.

Infantado, duke of, his haughty resentment of a casual blow on his horse,
vi. 92. Is protected by the constable of Castile, 93.

Innocent, a young domestic of cardinal di Monte, obtains his cardinal's
hat on his election to the papacy, vi. 196.

Interim, a system of theology so called, prepared by order of the emperor
Charles V. for the use of Germany, vi, 282. Is disapproved of, both
by Protestants and Papists, 284.

Investitures, usurpations of the Romish clergy in Germany, during the
disputes between the emperors and popes concerning, v. 261.

Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand, and mother of Charles V. visits Spain
with her husband Philip archduke of Austria, v. 166. Is slighted by
her husband, 167. Her character, ibid. Is abruptly left in Spain by
her husband, 168. Sinks into melancholy on the occasion, and is de-
livered of her second son, Ferdinand, ibid. Her letter of consent to
her father's regency of Castile intercepted, and herself confined, 172.
Made joint regent of Castile with Ferdinand and Philip, by the treaty
of Salamanca, 174. Sets out for Spain with Philip, are driven on
the coast of England, and detained three months by Henry VII. 174,
175. Acknowledged queen by the cortes, 176. Her tenderness to her
husband in his sickness, and extraordinary attachment to his body
when dead, 177. Is incapable of government, ibid. Her son Charles
assumes the crown, 189. The cortes acknowledges her son king,
with a reservation in her favour, 203. er reception of Padilla the
chief of the Spanish malecontents, 310. The holy junta removed to
Tordesillas, the place of her residence, 311. Relapses into her former
melancholy, ibid. The proceedings of the holy junta carried on in her
name, ibid. Is seized by the conde de Haro, 319. Dies, after near
fifty years confinement, vi. 434.

John Zapol Scæpius, by the assistance of sultan Solyman, establishes

himself in the kingdom of Hungary, vi. 122. Leaves the kingdom to
his son Stephen, 123. See Hungary, Isabella, and Martinuzzi.
Isabella, daughter of John II. of Castile, and wife of Ferdinand king of
Aragon, her history, v. 166. Her concern at the archduke Philip's
treatment of her daughter Joanna, 167. Her death and character, 169.
Appoints Ferdinand regent of Castile, under restrictions, ibid.

daughter to Sigismund king of Poland, married to John king of
Hungary, vi. 123. Her character, 124. Is treacherously carried with
her infant son into Transylvania by sultan Solyman, 125. The go-
vernment of this province, and the education of her son, committed
to her jointly with Martinuzzi, 324. Is jealous of Martinuzzi's influ-
ence, and courts the Turks, ibid. Is prevailed on to resign Transyl-
vania to Ferdinand, 326. Retires to Silesia, ibid. Recovers posses-
sion of Transylvania, 380.

of Portugal, married to the emperor Charles V. v. 391.
Italy, consequences of the league between Pope Leo X. and the emperor
Charles V. to, v. 290. The characters of the Italians, Spaniards, and
French contrasted, ibid. State of, at the accession of Clement VII. to
the papacy, 345. Views of the Italian states with respect to the em
peror and Francis, on the expulsion of the French from Genoa and the
Milanese, 356. Their apprehension on the battle of Pavia and capti-
vity of Francis, 373. The principal states join in the holy league
against the emperor, 401. Are disgusted at the tardiness of Francis,
405. A view of the Ghibeline faction, 406. Sentiments of the states
of, on the peace of Cambray, vi. 445. Is visited by the emperor
Charles, 447. The motives of his moderation towards the states of,
448. A league among the states of, formed by Charles, vi, 16. Pla-
centia granted to Octavio Farnese by Philip II. of Spain, 469. The
investiture of Siena given by Philip to Cosmo di Medici, 470. The
consequence of these grants, 471.

Junta, holy, a view of the confederacy in Spain so termed, v. 309. The
authority of Adrian disclaimed by, 310. Removed to Tordesillas,
where queen Joanna resided, 311. Their proceedings carried on in
the name of Joanna, ibid. Receive letters from Charles to lay down
their arms, with promises of pardon, 312. Remonstrances of griev
ances drawn up by, 313. The particulars of this remonstrance, 313,
314, 315. Remarks on the spirit of it, 316. Are intimidated from
presenting it to Charles, 317. Propose to deprive Charles of his roy-
alty during the life of Joanna, ibid. Take the field, 318. Character
of their army, ibid. The queen seized by the conde de Haro, 319.
How they obtained money to support their army, 820. Lose time in
negociating with the nobles, 321. Propose to make their peace with
Charles at the expense of the nobles, 322. Their irresolute conduct,
323. Their army defeated by Haro, and Padilla taken prisoner, 324.
Padilla executed, ibid. His letters to his wife and the city of Toledo,
325. note: The ruin of the confederacy, 326.

Julius II. pope, observations on the pontificate of, 257.

III. pope, his character, vi. 296. Bestows his cardinal's hat in-
famously, ibid. Is averse to the calling a council, 297. Summons
one at Trent, 298. Asserts his supreme authority peremptorily in the
bull for it, 306. Repents confirming Octavio Farnese in Parma, 312.
Requires Octavio to relinquish his alliance with France, 314. The
manner of his death, 423.

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La Chau, a Flemish gentleman, associated by Charles V, with cardinal
Kimenes in the regency of Castile, v, 195,

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Landrecy, siege af, by the emperor Charles V. vi. 148. Is abandoned
by him, ibid.

Lannoy mortgages the revenues of Naples to supply the exigencies of the
emperor, v. 361. Francis surrenders himself prisoner to him at the
battle of Pavia, 368. His cautious disposal of him, ibid. Delivers
him up in pursuance of the treaty of Madrid, and receives the duke of
Orleans and the dauphin, as hostages in exchange, 390. Is sent am-
bassador to Francis, to require his fulfilment of that treaty, 403.
Concludes a treaty with the pope, 412. Marches to join the imperial-
ists at Rome, where the troops refuse to obey him, 426.

Lanuza, don John de, made viceroy of Aragon, on the departure of
Charles V. for Germany, v. 224. Composes the disturbances there,

330.

Lavagna, John Lewis Fiesco, count of, his character, vi. 231. Meditates
subverting the government of Genoa, 232. His preparations, 233.
His artful method of assembling his adherents, 234. His exhortation
to them, 235. His interview with his wife, 236. Sallies forth, 237.
Andrew Doria escapes, 238. Deputies sent to know his terms, ibid.
Is drowned, ibid. His brother's vanity ruins their designs, 239. See
Fiesco.

Lautrec, Cdet de Foix, mareschal de, the French governor of Milan, his
character, v. 290. Alienates the affections of the Milanese from the
French, 291. Invests Reggio, but is repulsed by Guicciardini the his-
torian, then governor, ibid. Is excommunicated by the pope, 292.
The money for paying his troops seized by Louise of Savoy, 293. Is
left by his Swiss troops, 294. Is driven out of the Milanese territo-
ries, 295. A new body of Swiss under him insist on giving battle to
the imperialists, who defeat him, 298. The Swiss leave him, 299.
Retires into France with the residue of his troops, ibid. Delivers up
the duke of Orleans in exchange for Francis I. as hostages for the
performance of the treaty of Madrid, 290. Is appointed generalissi-
mo of the league against the emperor, 426. His success in Italy,
427. Motives which withheld him from subduing the Milanese, ibid.
Obliges the prince of Orange to retire to Naples, 433. Blockades
Naples, ibid. His army wasted, and himself killed by the pestilence,

438.

Learning the revival of, favourable to the reformation of religion, v.
269.

Leipsic, a public disputation held there by Martin Luther and Eccius,
on the validity of the papal authority, v. 250.

Leo X, pope of Rome, his character, v. 213. His apprehensions on the
election of an emperor of Germany, at the death of Maximilian, ibid.
His counsel to the German princes, 214. Grants Charles V. a tenth
of all ecclesiastical benefices in Castile, 220. Lays Castile under an
interdict, but takes it off at the instance of Charles, ibid. His conduct
on the prospect of war between Charles and Francis, 227. Situation
of the papacy at his succession, and his views of policy, 236. His inat-
tention to Martin Luther's controversy with the Dominicans concerning
indulgences, 243. Is instigated against him, and summons him to
Rome, 244. Desires the elector of Saxony not to protect him. ibid. Is
prevailed on to permit Luther's doctrines to be examined in Germany,
ibid. Cardinal Cajetan appointed to try him, ibid. Issues a bull in favour
of indulgences, 248. A suspension of proceedings against Luther, and
why, 249. Publishes a bull of excommunication against him, 257. The
political views of his conduct between Charles and Francis, 280. Con-
clades a treaty with Francis, 281. Concludes a treaty also with

Charles, 282.

The conditions of the treaty with Charles, ibid. Its
consequences to Italy, 290. Is disappointed in a scheme formed by
Morone, chancellor of Milan, for attacking that duchy, 291. Excom-
municates Mareschal de Foix for his attack of Reggio, and declares
against France, 292. Takes a body of Swiss into pay, ibid. The
French driven out of the Milanese, 295. He dies, ibid. The spirit
of the confederacy broken by his death, ibid.

L'Esparre, Foix de, commands the French troops in Navarre for Henry
d'Albert, v, 284. Reduces that kingdom, ibid. His imprudent pro-
gress into Castile, 285. Is taken prisoner by the Spaniards, and the
French driven out of Navarre, ibid.

Leonard, Father, forms a scheme of betraying Metz to the imperialists,
vi, 406. Introduces soldiers clad like friars, 407. Is detected, 408.
Is murdered by his monks, 410.

Levesque, Don, his account of the motives which induced the emperor
Charles V. to resign his hereditary dominions, vi, 433, note.

Lewis II. king of Hungary and Bohemia, his character, v, 420. Is inva
ded and killed by Solyman the Magnificent, ibid.

XII, king of France, receives homage of the archduke Philip, for
the earldom of Flanders, v, 166. Concludes a treaty with him, while
at war with Ferdinand of Aragon, 168. Bestows his niec?, Germain
de Foix, on Ferdinand, and concludes a peace with him, 173.
the confidence of Philip on that occasion, 183, note. Bestows his
eldest daughter, already betrothed to Charles V. on the count of An-
gouleme, ibid.

Loses

Leyva, Antonio de, defends Pavia for the emperor against Francis, v.
362. His vigorous defence, 363. Sallies out at the battle of Pavia,
and contributes to the deleat of Francis, 367. Is left governor of
Milan by the duke of Bourbon, 410. Defeats the forces there, 448,
Is appointed generalissimo of the Italian league, vi, 16. Directs the
operations of the invasion of France, under the emperor, 63. Dies,
69.

Literature, its obligations to the order of jesuits, vi, 113.
Lorenzo di Medici. See Medici.

Louise of Savoy, mother of Francis I. of France, her character, v. 292.
Her motives for seizing the money appointed for payment of mareschal
Lautrec's troops, 293. Cause of her aversion to the house of Bourbon,
336. Her advances towards a marriage with Charles duke of Bourbon,
rejected by him, 337. Determines to ruin him, ibid. Instigates a
lawsuit against him for his estates, ibid. Goes to dissuade Francis
from his intended invasion of the Milanese, who will not wait for her,
359. Is appointed regent during his absence, 360. Her prudent con-
duct on the defeat of Pavia, and captivity of her son Francis, 370.
Concludes a defensive alliance with Heury VIII. 377. Ratifies the
treaty of Madrid for the recovery of her son's liberty, 389. Under-
takes with Margaret of Savoy to accommodate the differences between
the emperor and Francis 441. Articles of the peace of Cambray, 443.
Loyola, Ignatio, commands the castle of Pampeluna in Navarre, and is
wounded in its defence, v, 284. His enthusiastic turn of mind, ibid.
The founder of the society of jesuits, ibid. Prevails on the pope to
establish the order, vi, 105. An examination into the constitution of
the order, 106. Office and power of the general, 107. The rapid pro-
gress of the order, 110. Sce Jesuits.

Lorrain, cardinal of, persuades Henry II. of France to accept the offered
alliance with pope Paul IV. and is sent to Rome to negociate it, vi. 428.
His imprudent behaviour towards the duchess of Valentinois, 483.

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